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临床研究
脊柱侧弯畸形VISTA序列MRI评价研究
潘希敏 胡美玉 刘迪敏 覃浩玲 江波

潘希敏,胡美玉,刘迪敏,等.脊柱侧弯畸形VISTA序列MRI评价研究.磁共振成像, 2013, 4(6): 426-430. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2013.06.006.


[摘要] 目的 探讨MR各向同性T2加权容积成像(VISTA序列)评价脊柱侧弯畸形的意义。材料与方法 应用1. 5 T超导MR成像系统和相控阵全脊柱线圈,30例脊柱侧弯畸形患者行全脊柱常规MR扫描及分段VISTA扫描,VISTA各段原始图像经无缝拼接后作曲面重组(cMPR)图像后处理,在单一平面上显示全脊柱及椎管内脊髓全貌。图像的诊断信息质量,按由劣至优顺序分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级。结果 VISTA-cMPR在单一平面上完整显示扭曲脊柱及脊髓的全貌,30例脊柱侧弯畸形的诊断信息质量均评为Ⅲ级,其中全脊柱"S"形侧弯畸形23例,颈、胸段侧弯畸形3例,胸、腰段侧弯畸形3例,腰段侧弯畸形1例。30例中,伴发半椎体畸形3例,Chiari畸形4例,脊髓空洞症8例,脊髓低位拴系3例,脊髓血管母细胞瘤、星形细胞瘤各1例。常规MRI上诊断信息质量评价各级例数分别为Ⅰ级26例、Ⅱ级3例、Ⅲ级1例。常规MRI与VISTA-cMPR两种诊断方法的独立性检验差异显著性具有统计学意义(χ2=28.06,P<0.01)。结论 MR-VISTA对于脊柱侧弯畸形的诊断和术前评估具有十分重要的意义。
[Abstract] Objective: To assess the value of MR volumetric isotropic T2-weighted acquisition (VISTA) in evaluating scoliosis.Materials and Methods: VISTA images were obtained from 30 patients with scoliosis using a 1.5 T superconduct scanner and phase-array whole-spine coil. The segmentedly acquired source data of the spine were postprocessed to create the panoramic images with curved multi-planar reconstruction (cMPR) after seamless splicing. An overall perspective of the spine and spinal cord was showed in the panoramic images, which were scored as grade I, grade II, or grade III based on the provided diagnostic information quality (DIQ).Results: The DIQ was graded III in all the 30 patients based on the VISTA-cMPR images. The perspective of the whole spine and spinal cord was visualized in the all the 30 cases, 23 of which were "S" shaped scoliosis of the whole spine, 3 of cervicothoracic scoliosis, 3 of thoraco-lumbar scoliosis, and 1 of lumbar scoliosis with segment. Of the 30 cases, hemivertebrae deformity was identified in 3, Chiari malformation in 4, syringomyelia in 8, tethered syndrome in 3, and hemangioblastoma and astrocytoma in cervico-thoracic cord in 1, respectively. The panoramic findings of the scoliosis on both vertebral and spinal cord anomalies were surgically proved. The DIQ grading among the 30 patients was I in 26, II in 3, and III in 1, respectively, based on the conventional MRI . The difference of independent test between conventional MRI and VISTA-cMPR was statistically significant (χ2=28.06, P<0.01).Conclusion: MR-VISTA plays a vital role in both the diagnosis and pre-surgical evaluation of scoliosis.
[关键词] 脊柱侧凸;磁共振成像
[Keywords] Scoliosis;Magnetic resonance imaging

潘希敏 中山大学附属第一医院黄埔院区放射科,广州 510700

胡美玉 中山大学附属第一医院黄埔院区放射科,广州 510700

刘迪敏 中山大学附属第一医院黄埔院区放射科,广州 510700

覃浩玲 中山大学附属第一医院黄埔院区放射科,广州 510700

江波* 中山大学附属第一医院黄埔院区放射科,广州 510700;中山大学附属第一医院放射诊断科,广州 510080

通讯作者:江波,csujbo@163.com


收稿日期:2013-09-30
接受日期:2013-10-25
中图分类号:R445.2; R682.1 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2013.06.006
潘希敏,胡美玉,刘迪敏,等.脊柱侧弯畸形VISTA序列MRI评价研究.磁共振成像, 2013, 4(6): 426-430. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2013.06.006.

       脊柱侧弯畸形是青少年常见的脊柱病变,重症患者多需手术治疗。影像学评估对治疗方案的选择及预后判断具有重要意义[1]。既往研究表明常规MR扫描很难于单一平面完整显示畸形脊柱及脊髓的形态及结构,必须结合冠状面、矢状面、横断面进行观察[2],对于重度侧弯患者,即使行多节段、多方位扫描不能准确显示脊柱与脊髓情况。MR各向同性容积T2加权成像(volumetric isotropic T2-weighted acquisition,VISTA),是具有各向同性特征的高分辨三维成像序列,对其全脊柱扫描原始图像数据的折曲多平面重组(curved multi-planar reconstruction,cMPR)可产生模拟正常解剖形态的矢状面、冠状面与轴面脊柱图像。脊柱侧弯畸形VISTA评价应用在国内外少见详细报道,笔者前瞻性观察了30例脊柱侧弯畸形患者的VISTA表现并与手术所见对照,以探讨VISTA评价脊柱侧弯畸形的作用。

1 材料和方法

1.1 临床资料

       我院2010年1月至2012年12月间经全脊柱正侧位DR片显示脊柱侧弯畸形患者30例,Cobb法测量脊柱侧弯角度在25°~180°,平均86°,男12例,女18例,年龄3个月至31岁,中位年龄15岁。根据病因分类进行统计,特发性脊柱侧弯(AIS)10例,先天性脊柱侧弯18例,神经肌肉型脊柱侧弯2例。

1.2 扫描方法及重建步骤

       采用Philips 1.5 T Achieva Nova Dual超导MR成像系统,相控阵全脊柱线圈。患者仰卧,头先进,根据脊柱侧弯畸形走行方向,分2个叠块分别行颈胸、胸腰段的矢状或冠状面VISTA扫描。扫描参数:TR 2000 ms,TE 120 ms;NSA为2;反转角<90° ;体素1.7 mm × 1.7 mm × 1.7 mm;相位编码为头足向;扫描范围,头足向为脑干至第二骶椎,左右和前后包括所有椎骨,随后执行Scan Align(扫描一致),9 min即可完成全脊柱扫描。扫描完毕后,将颈、胸、腰段的原始图像数据传输至Philips MR Workspace 2.5.3.0工作站,通过软件(Mobiview,Philips)进行无缝平滑拼接,生成全脊柱图像。进入MPR界面,在脊柱冠状面、矢状面及轴面图像上分别确定中心点,可按照不同的诊断要求分别依次标记椎骨或脊髓中心作为轴线,最终形成一条曲线,以此曲线为中心建立范围包括全脊柱的脊椎及脊髓矢状面或冠状面cMPR图像,通过调整窗宽、窗位来分别观察脊椎或脊髓。各例均行常规全脊柱T1WI及T2WI矢状面成像作为对比,并进行T2WI的横断面扫描。扫描参数:TIWI TR 500 ms,TE 8 ms,NSA为4,Thickness/gap:3.0 mm/0.3 mm,扫描时间15 min;T2WI TR 3500 ms,TE 120 ms,NSA为4,Thickness/gap :3.0 mm/0.3 mm,T2WI矢状面及横断面扫描时间23 min。30例中有4例平扫后发现脊髓内有占位病变而进行增强扫描。

1.3 图像分析评价

       根据图像所提供的诊断信息是否充分对图像进行分级并比较常规MRI与VISTA-cMPR两种诊断方法的独立性。评价内容包括:颈髓起始部有无Chiari畸形,脊髓远端有无栓系,脊髓本身有无空洞、肿瘤及其他病变(如AVM),椎体形态与脊柱侧弯观察,分3级进行评价。Ⅰ级:信息不足,对病变形态、位置、范围、伴发畸形无法做出评价;Ⅱ级:信息不充分,对病变形态、位置、范围、伴发畸形不能做出全面评价;Ⅲ级:信息充分,可较全面评价病变形态、位置、范围、伴发畸形。由2名主治以上放射科医师分别对图像进行分析评价,如有不同意见,讨论取得一致。

2 结果

       30例患者常规MRI诊断信息质量评价Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级分别有26例、3例、1例,而VISTA cMPR图像诊断信息质量评价30例均评为Ⅲ级(表1)。30例中全脊柱"S"形侧弯畸形23例,颈、胸段侧弯畸形3例,胸、腰段侧弯畸形3例,腰段侧弯畸形1例。其中伴发胸腰段孤立性半椎体畸形3例(图1,图2,图3),Ⅰ型Chiari畸形3例、Ⅱ型Chiari畸形1例,全脊髓空洞1例、颈段脊髓空洞2例(图4,图5,图6,图7),颈胸段脊髓空洞3例,胸腰段脊髓空洞2例,脊髓栓系脊髓圆锥位于L3水平以下3例,颈胸段血管母细胞瘤2例(图8,图9,图10),其中,脊柱侧弯畸形、半椎体畸形、Chiari畸形、脊髓栓系及血管母细胞瘤均经手术证实。

图1~3  男,13岁,脊柱侧弯畸形伴发半椎畸形。图1为常规T2WI全脊柱原始图像,不能在同一层面显示脊柱及脊髓全貌;图2为VISTA序列椎体平面cMPR图像,完整显示全脊椎,T10椎体半椎畸形;图3为脊髓平面,清晰显示脊髓全貌
Fig. 1—3  A 13-years-old male with scoliosis associated with hemi-vertebra deformity. Fig.1: Routine T2-weighted imaging showed the total spine original image, but could not display the spine and the spine cord in the same plane. Fig.2: The vertebral plane cMPR images in VISTA sequence showed the total spine completely. The 10th thoracic vertebra was hemi-vertebra deformity. Fig.3: The spine cord plane displayed the spine cord clearly.
图4~7  女,24岁,脊柱侧弯伴发脊髓空洞、脊髓低位。图4为全脊柱DR图,可见脊柱呈重度"S"形侧弯畸形;图5为全脊柱冠状面定位图;图6为常规T2WI全脊柱原始图像,仅见颈椎及部分颈髓显示;图7为VISTA序列脊髓平面cMPR图像显示脊髓全貌,可清晰显示脊柱侧弯伴发C5~ 7椎体水平脊髓空洞及脊髓低位平L4椎体水平
Fig. 4—7  A 24-years-old female with scoliosis associated with syringomyelia and tethered cord. Fig.4: The DR map of the spine showed severe spinal "S" -shaped scoliosis. Fig.5: Total spine coronal positioning map. Fig.6: Only cervical vertebra and partial spine cord were seen on the conventional T2-weighted imaging. Fig.7: The spine cord plane in VISTA sequence showed the total spine cord, and displayed scoliosis associated with syringomyelia from the 5th to 7th cervical vertebral level and tethered cord at the 4th lumber vertebral level.
图8~10  女,31岁,经手术证实为脊柱侧弯伴发血管母细胞瘤;图8为全脊柱DR图,可见脊柱呈轻度"S"形侧弯畸形;图9为VISTA序列cMPR图像,显示椎体及脊髓全貌,可清晰显示脊柱侧弯伴发C5~ T3平面髓内占位并继发脊髓全段囊变、空洞;图10为T1WI增强图像,C5~ T3平面髓内占位灶呈不均匀强化
Fig. 8—10  A 24-years-old female with scoliosis associated with hemangioblastoma confirmed by surgery. Fig.8: The total spine DR image showed mild "S"-shaped scoliosis. Fig.9: The cMPR images in the VISTA sequence displayed the full vertebra and the spine cord, and the scoliosis associated with intramedullary lesions secondary the whole spine cystic degeneration, syringomyelia. Fig.10: Contrast enhancement T1-weighted imaging showed heterogeneous enhancement of the intramedullary lesion from 5th cervical vertebra to the third thoracic vertebra level.
表1  常规MRI与VISTA-cMPR两种方法诊断信息质量分级比较结果
Tab. 1  Comparsion between routing MRI and VISTA-cMPR in diagnostic information quality

3 讨论

       脊柱侧弯是青少年常见的骨骼畸形,常见病因类型为先天性脊柱侧弯、特发性脊柱侧弯、神经肌肉型脊柱侧弯,可合并脊髓畸形、肿瘤等椎管内病变[3,4]。上述伴发病变需在脊柱侧弯矫形前处理,否则可能会增加侧弯矫正时脊髓损伤的风险[5]。由于75%的脊柱侧弯为进行性发展,且可用支架治疗的仅有5%~10%,故手术是最根本的治疗方法[6,7],术前了解脊髓情况十分必要[2, 5]。对于脊柱侧弯畸形患者,多排螺旋CT多平面三维重建,可显示完整的脊柱及脊髓全貌[8],但全脊柱扫描范围大患者的受照剂量也相应增加,并且对显示脊髓与椎管内软组织结构还不够理想[9]。MRI可以利用多种参数加权成像[10],与多排CT、椎管造影比较,MRI在显示椎管内病变方面具有不可替代的优势,对脊髓异常的显示明显优于CT,对于诊断脊髓异常具有极高敏感性及特异性,且无辐射危害,是检查椎管内病变的最佳影像手段[11]。但是MRI常规矢状面或冠状面扫描时间长且无法将旋转变形的脊柱显示于同一平面,图像缺乏整体观,不能提供全面直观的脊柱侧弯信息,无法连续显示椎管结构及脊髓受压变形情况[12]。VISTA通过无缝拼接及cMPR弥补了上述常规MRI的局限,使全面评价脊柱侧弯畸形成为可能。

       Philips设备的VISTA是快速自旋回波序列的衍生序列,它使用了非常大的回波因子(>100),传统TSE序列重聚回波的反转角恒定(如180°),而VISTA的重聚回波链的反转角是变化的(<180°),使用这种反转角变化可得到几乎恒定的信号水平[13],从而通过更高的回波因子加速图像采集,该序列通过优化重聚脉冲,扫描时间更短,SAR值更低,尤其适用于各种各向同性的容积扫描,能提供高分辨率的T2权重图像,并可通过MPR进一步获得多个方向的脊柱重建图像。容积成像较二维成像多一个方向的相位编码,包含360°的信息,能从各个角度观察图像。cMPR是指在容积数据基础上,以一条曲线为轴心将旋转畸形的椎骨与脊髓拉直于同一平面进行观察(包括冠状面和矢状面),在判断病变部位与周围组织解剖关系上具有一定优势。

       既往国内相关研究中脊柱侧弯MR扫描序列均存在扫描时间长或不能完全于同一平面显示复杂畸形的局限[14]。笔者采用VISTA行各向同性高分辨扫描并进行三维成像,对于扫描方位和患者体位无特殊要求,具有扫描时间短、SAR值更低、患者易配合的优点,且对脊柱的整体观察更为连续和直观,对脊椎及脊髓的诊断信息显示良好,不仅具有较高的空间分辨率,还可以进行任意方向的多层面重建等后处理技术,既可以提供更多的影像信息,又可以节省大量的检查时间,但后处理图像效果如何,质量是否不及原始图像,这是笔者非常关心的问题,本组证实通过各向同性T2加权容积成像原始图像与cMPR的图像比较未见明显的图像信号衰减。因此,笔者认为cMPR技术对脊椎及脊髓的连续性显示优于常规的MRI检查。通过以上初步研究,经两个叠块的VISTA全脊柱扫描及cMPR所得的图像,可清晰显示脊柱侧弯畸形的病变范围、三维方向上的侧弯角度及病变椎体的形态,能在单一平面上完整、清晰地显示椎管内及椎骨结构,显示椎管内是否有骨嵴突入、何处椎管狭窄、脊髓形态如何、有无发育异常等;结合常规MR T1矢状面及T2横断面的图像能及时发现脊髓纵裂、脊髓空洞症、脊髓栓系综合征、脊髓囊肿、脊髓脂肪瘤、Chiari氏畸形等脊柱侧弯伴发病变及其位置、范围,通过结合T1加权的增强扫描能对椎管内占位病变做出更精确的诊断,可将其病变位置及侵犯范围显示的更为准确,在观察畸形椎体、附件情况、侧弯角度、椎体与椎管连续性、侧弯类型方面更有优势。

       由于本组例数较少,许多问题仍有待继续研究,例如:进一步提高其在横断面的重组分辨率,如何将脊柱侧弯畸形导致心、肺、腹脏器畸形结合显示并在计算机上进行模拟手术等。

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