分享:
分享到微信朋友圈
X
临床研究
开塞露在直肠癌MRI术前T1和T2分期中的应用
李兆祥 薛华丹 秦明伟 潘卫东

李兆祥,薛华丹,秦明伟,等.开塞露在直肠癌MRI术前T1和T2分期中的应用.磁共振成像, 2014, 5(5): 352-357. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.05.008.


[摘要] 目的 探讨使用开塞露进行肠道准备对直肠癌磁共振术前T1和T2分期的意义。材料与方法 回顾经手术病理证实为T1或T2分期的直肠癌患者81例,男51例,女30例,平均年龄(64.2±12.2)岁。其中,45例(男30例,女15例)使用开塞露,36例(男21例,女15例)未使用开塞露。分别分析两组MRI术前分期与手术病理分期结果的一致性,计算并比较两组MRI T1、T2分期的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和T1+T2分期的敏感度。结果 Kappa检验证实两组MRI术前分期与手术病理分期结果的一致性均为中等,K值分别为使用开塞露组0.693,未使用开塞露组0.537。使用开塞露组直肠癌磁共振T分期的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为T1分期:76.5%、92.9%、86.7%、86.7%、86.7%;T2分期:78.6%、76.5%、86.7%、84.5%、68.4%;T1+T2分期的敏感度为:77.8%。未使用开塞露组直肠癌磁共振T分期的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为T1分期:57.1%、95.5%、80.6%、88.9%、77.8%;T2分期:77.3%、57.1%、69.4%、73.9%、61.5%;T1+T2分期的敏感度为:69.4%。统计分析证实使用开塞露组T1分期的敏感度及T2分期的特异度、准确度高于未使用开塞露组(P<0.05,单侧)。结论 使用开塞露进行肠道准备能够明显提高直肠癌磁共振T1分期的敏感度、T2分期特异度及准确度,同时在一定程度上提高T1和T1+T2分期的诊断准确性,建议作为直肠癌磁共振检查的肠道准备常规应用。
[Abstract] Objective: To evaluate the value of Enema Glycerine applied in preoperative MRI T1 staging and T2 staging of rectal cancer.Materials and Methods: The MRI datum of 81 cases of pathologically confirmed T1 staging or T2 staging of rectal cancer suffers after operation (50 males and 31 females whose ages, 64.2±12.2 on average, range from 31 to 88), were collected retroactively, from september 2005 to december 2013, in PUMCH. Patients involved were examined by MRI within two weeks before the operation. In this study, 45 patients (30 males and 15 females) had used the Enema Glycerine. While the other 36 cases (21 males and 15 females) had no used it. So these cases were assigned to two groups. The thesis utilized Kappa test to analyze the consistency between the preoperative MRI T staging and the postoperative pathological staging of in each group, and calculated the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the MRI T1 staging, T2 staging, and the the sensitivity of T1+T2 staging, and compared them, respectively.Results: Kappa tests (K=0.693 and K=0.537) showed the two groups, including applying the Enema Glycerine and no applying the Enema Glycerine, have good consistency of the preoperative MRI T staging and the postoperative pathological staging. Respectively, in the group applying the Enema Glycerine, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the MRI T1 staging were 76.5%, 92.9%, 86.7%, 86.7% and 86.7%. Those of the MRI T2 staging were 78.6%, 76.5%, 86.7%, 84.5% and 68.4%. The sensitivity of the MRI T1+T2 staging was 77.8%. In the other group, no applying the Enema Glycerine, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the MRI T1 staging were 57.1%, 95.5%, 80.6%, 88.9% and 77.8%. Those of the MRI T2 staging were 77.3%, 57.1%, 69.4%, 73.9% and 61.5%. The sensitivity of the MRI T1+T2 staging was 69.4%. The statistic analysis show the sensitivity of the MRI T1 staging, the specificity and the accuracy of MRI T2 staging of the group applying the Enema Glycerine were higher than that of the group no applying the Enema Glycerine (P<0.05, single-side hypothesis testing).Conclusions: There is higher value of Enema Glycerine, which can significantly improve the sensitivity of the preoperative MRI T1 staging, the specificity and accuracy of T2 staging, and simultaneously improve partly the diagnosis accuracy of the MRI T1 staging and T1+T2 staging, applied in preoperative MRI examination of rectal cancer and thus it should be one of the conventional application.
[关键词] 开塞露;结直肠肿瘤;磁共振成像;肿瘤分期
[Keywords] Enema Glycerine;Colorectal neoplasms;Magnetic resonance imaging;Neoplasm staging

李兆祥 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院放射科,北京 100730

薛华丹 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院放射科,北京 100730

秦明伟* 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院放射科,北京 100730

潘卫东 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院放射科,北京 100730

通讯作者:秦明伟,E-mail:qinmingwei@ hotmail.com


收稿日期:2014-04-18
接受日期:2014-05-28
中图分类号:R445.2; R735.3 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.05.008
李兆祥,薛华丹,秦明伟,等.开塞露在直肠癌MRI术前T1和T2分期中的应用.磁共振成像, 2014, 5(5): 352-357. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.05.008.

       结直肠癌是世界范围内第三大常见的癌症和死亡原因,发病率占所有肿瘤的9%[1],其中29%的结直肠癌发生在直肠[2]。术前TN分期是影响直肠癌预后的重要独立因素。目前,T1-2/N0分期直肠癌的治疗原则是直接手术切除[3,4,5],但T1和T2分期的术式及预后不同:T1分期可行内镜下直肠黏膜切除术或经肛门内镜显微手术,损伤较小;T2分期则多采取直接手术切除(TME),损伤较大。MRI对T1和T2分期的鉴别是直肠癌T分期难点之一,因为常规MRI很难区分直肠壁黏膜下层与环形肌层,而以往常用的直肠MRI对比剂在改善肠壁显示层次方面又效果欠佳[6]。本文旨在探讨使用开塞露作为直肠MR对比剂对直肠癌磁共振T1和T2分期的意义。

1 材料与方法

1.1 一般资料

       回顾2005年9月至2013年12月北京协和医院经手术病理证实为T1或T2分期的直肠癌患者81例(术前2周内行MRI检查,并排除术前行放化疗的患者),男51例,女30例,平均年龄(64.2±12.2)岁(31~88岁)。其中45例(男26例,女15例)使用开塞露,36例(男21例,女15例)未使用开塞露。开塞露(英文名称:Enema Glycerine)主要成分为甘油52.8%~58.3%(重量比),辅料为纯化水;规格:20 ml。

1.2 检查方法

1.2.1 患者检查前准备

       MRI检查前无需禁食水,检查前15~20 min嘱咐患者肛门内使用开塞露1支,并尽量排尽粪便,不需肌注解痉药及静脉注射或口服对比剂。

1.2.2 扫描方法

       采用GE SIGNA 1.5T TwinSpeed磁共振扫描仪(最大梯度场强40 mT/m,最大梯度切换率150 mT/m),8通道体部相控阵线圈。患者取仰卧位,定位扫描后,使用快速自旋回波(fast spinecho,FSE)序列,依次完成矢状面、轴面、冠状面T2WI序列和轴面T1WI序列、斜横断面高分辨T2WI,以及与轴面T2WI相对应的DWI扫描。扫描参数:矢状面、轴面、冠状面T2WI,TR 4000 ms,TE 130 ms;ETL为19,层厚4 mm,层间距为0,FOV 26 cm×26 cm ,NEX为4,矩阵288×244。轴面T1WI,TR 500 ms,TE为最小值,ETL为2,层厚4 mm,层间距为0,FOV 26 cm×26 cm,NEX为1,矩阵288×244。斜横断面T2WI,TR 3800 ms,TE 102 ms,ETL为16,层厚3 mm,层间距为0,FOV 16 cm×16 cm,NEX为4,矩阵256×256。DWI(b=0 ,1000s/m2) ,TR 4000 ms,TE为最小值,层厚4 mm,层间距为0,FOV 35 cm×35 cm,NEX为6,矩阵128×128。扫描范围:DWI、矢状面T2WI、轴面T1WI和T2WI行全盆腔扫描,包括乙状结肠至肛门;冠状面和斜横断面T2WI与病灶段肠壁垂直,包全病灶。

1.2.3 影像诊断参考标准

       影像诊断参考标准为第7版《AJCC癌症分期手册》中直肠癌TNM分期标准:T1分期肿瘤局限于黏膜及黏膜下层;T2分期肿瘤延伸至肠壁固有肌层,但并未超过。术后病理分期结果作为金标准。

       由2名高年资放射科腹盆组医师分析MR图像,意见不一致时协商达成共识(盲法:影像诊断医师被告知可疑直肠癌,不知道患者的活检及最终病理结果)。

1.3 统计学方法

       采用SPSS 17.0统计软件分析数据,分析两组(使用开塞露组和未用开塞露组)术前MRI分期与术后病理分期结果的一致性(Kappa检验);计算直肠癌磁共振T1、T2分期的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和T1+T2分期的敏感度;最后进行两个独立率的比较,P<0.05(单侧)为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

       使用开塞露组病理示T1期患者17例,其中磁共振诊断正确13例,4例诊断为T2期;病理示T2期的患者28例,其中磁共振诊断正确22例,2例诊断为T1期,4例诊断为T3期(表1)。未使用开塞露组病理示T1期患者14例,其中磁共振诊断正确8例,另6例诊断为T2期;病理示T2期患者22例,其中磁共振诊断正确17例,1例诊断为T1期;另4例诊断为T3期(图1图2图3图4图5表2)。

       Kappa检验证实两组MRI术前分期与术后病理分期结果的一致性均为中等,K值在使用组为0.693,未使用组为0.537。

       两组直肠癌磁共振T1、T2分期的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及T1+T2分期的敏感度见表3

       两个独立率比较的统计分析证实两组T1分期的敏感度、T2分期的特异度及准确度差异具有统计学意义,使用开塞露组明显高于未使用开塞露组(表4)。

图1  T2WI轴面示直肠壁各层MRI信号。A:未用开塞露,T2WI轴面示黏膜层细线样低信号重叠在一起(箭);B:使用开塞露,T2WI轴面示肠壁各层显示清晰,黏膜层(黑箭)细线样低信号适度展开,黏膜下层(白箭)呈较厚稍高信号,肌层呈环形线样低信号(黑箭头)
图2  MRI诊为T1期直肠癌(使用开塞露),直肠腔内开塞露为高信号(黑箭)。A:T2WI轴面示直肠右侧壁结节样等信号肿物(黑箭头),累及黏膜层及黏膜下层,尚未累及肌层,黏膜下层环形线样稍高信号连续,肠管扩张适度。B:DWI示病灶呈高信号(箭)。术后病理示:T1期直肠癌
图3  MRI诊为T2期直肠癌(未用开塞露)。A:T2WI轴面示直肠内侧壁环形肿物(箭),累及黏膜层及黏膜下层,病灶局部与肌层分界欠清晰,肌层环形线样低信号连续;肠腔扩张欠佳。B:DWI示病灶呈环形高信号(箭)。术后病理示:T1期直肠癌
图4  MRI诊为T2期直肠癌(使用开塞露)。A:T2WI轴面示直肠左前壁弧形肿物(箭),累及黏膜层及黏膜下层,直达肌层,病灶局部与肌层分界不清,肌层外层环形线样低信号连续;肠腔扩张好。B:DWI示病灶呈高信号(箭)。术后病理示:T2期直肠癌
Fig. 1  AXI-T2WI images of the rectum, A, B was the images of the rectal wall layers. A: No using the Enema Glycerine, mucous layer showed the thin thread-like low signal, overlapping each other (arrow). B: Using the Enema Glycerine, mucous layer showed the thin thread-like low signal (black arrow), unfolding moderately. Submucous layer showed a little higher signal (white arrow). Muscular layer showed the annular thread-like low signal (bold white arrow).
Fig. 2  T1 staging of rectal cancer was diagnosed on MRI (using the Enema Glycerine),the Enema Glycerine internal the rectum showed the high signal (black arrow). A: On AXI-T2WI a nodule-like equal signal lesion was seen on the right rectal wall (black arrow head), infringing upon the mucous layer and the submucous layer,no infringing upon the muscular layer yet. The annular thread-like low signal of the muscular layer was continuous. The slightly higher signal of the submucous layer between the lesion and the muscular layer was continuous. The rectum was expanded moderately. B: On DWI the lesion displayed high signal (black arrow). The postoperative pathological T staging showed T1 staging of rectal cancer.
Fig. 3  T2 staging of rectal cancer was diagnosed on MRI (no using the Enema Glycerine). A: AXI-T2WI showed a annular lesion was found on the inner side of the rectal wall (white arrow), infringing upon the mucous layer and the submucous layer,and the divided line between the lesion and the muscular layer was not a little clear. The annular thread-like low signal of the muscular layer was continuous. The rectum was not fully expanded. B: On DWI the lesion displayed annular high signal (white arrow). The postoperative pathological T staging showed T1 staging of rectal cancer.
Fig. 4  T2 staging of rectal cancer was diagnosed on MRI (using the Enema Glycerine). A: AXI-T2WI showed a arc lesion was found on the left-front side of the rectal wall (arrow), infringing upon the mucous layer and the submucous layer,reaching the muscular layer, and the divided line between the lesion and the muscular layer was not clear. The annular thread-like low signal of the muscular outer layer was continuous. The rectum was fully expanded. B: On DWI the lesion displayed annular high signal (arrow). The postoperative pathological T staging showed T2 staging of rectal cancer.
图5  MRI诊为T2期直肠癌(未用开塞露)。A:T2WI轴面示直肠后壁弧形肿物(箭),累及黏膜层及黏膜下层,病灶局部与肌层分界不清,肌层外层环形线样低信号连续;肠管内有大量气体,肠腔扩张略过度,局部肠壁各层变薄,黏膜层及黏膜下层与肠壁固有肌层分界不清。B:DWI示病灶呈高信号(箭)。术后病理示T1期直肠癌
Fig. 5  T2 staging of rectal cancer was diagnosed on MRI (no using the Enema Glycerine). A: AXI-T2WI showed an arc lesion was found on the rear side of the rectal wall (arrow), infringing upon the mucous layer and the submucous layer. And the divided line between the lesion and the muscular layer was not clear. The annular thread-like low signal of the muscular outer layer was continuous; quite a few gas was found in the tectum, thus it was slightly excessively expanded and the layers of the rectal wall got thinner. And the divided line between the mucous layer and the submucous layer and the muscular layer was not clear. B: On DWI the lesion displayed high signal (arrow). The postoperative pathological T staging showed T1 staging of rectal cancer
表1  使用开塞露组直肠癌术前MRI T分期与病理T分期结果的比较
Tab. 1  Patients, using the Enema Glycerine, of preoperative MRI T staging and postoperative pathological staging of rectal cancer comparing the results
表2  未用开塞露组直肠癌术前MRI T分期与病理T分期结果的比较
Tab. 2  Patients,no using the Enema Glycerine, of preoperative MRI T staging and postoperative pathological staging of rectal cancer comparing the results
表3  使用开塞露组与未用开塞露组直肠癌MRI T1、T2分期的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及T1+T2分期的敏感度比较(%)
Tab. 3  The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the MRI T1 staging, T2 staging,and the the sensitivity of T1+T2 staging, comparing the results, of patients using the Enema Glycerine/patients no using the Enema Glycerine(%)
表4  使用开塞露组与未用开塞露组直肠癌MRI T1、T2、T1+T2分期的两个独立率比较(a=0.05,单侧)
Tab. 4  Two Independent-Samples rates tests of the MRI T1 staging, T2 staging, and T1+T2 staging of the group using the Enema Glycerine/the group no using the Enema Glycerine, comparing the results (a=0.05, single-side hypothesis testing)

3 讨论

       直肠癌MRI的诊断及分期主要依靠T2WI和DWI。在T2WI序列上,正常肠壁的黏膜层表现为细线样低信号层,黏膜下层表现为稍厚的稍高信号层,肠壁固有肌层表现为环形线样低信号层[7]图1)。直肠癌的MR信号通常表现为等T1、等或稍高T2信号(图2A图3A图4A图5A)。在DWI上,直肠癌通常为高信号(图2B图3B图4B图5B)。在直肠癌T分期中,T1分期肿瘤局限于黏膜及黏膜下层(图2A) ;T2分期肿瘤延伸至肠壁固有肌层,但并未超过(图4A)。

       本研究使用开塞露组病理示T1期直肠癌而被过高分期为T2期的4例患者,均为直肠内残留开塞露较少,肠腔扩张不足,导致MRI上黏膜下层与肠壁固有肌层界限不清,肿瘤组织与肠壁肌层的界限模糊,因而被诊断为T2期。病理示T2期而被过低分期为T1期的2例患者的MRI显示:肿瘤组织与肠壁肌层分界尚清晰,两者之间隐约存在黏膜下层的T2WI高信号,可能为部分容积效应所致,但病理显示肿瘤已侵及肌层。

       未使用开塞露组病理示T1期而被过高分期为T2期的6例患者中,4例肠腔扩张不足(图3A),MRI上黏膜下层与肠壁固有肌层的界限显示不清,肿瘤组织与其附近的肠壁肌层分界不清,肠壁固有肌层外缘信号完整,因而被诊断为T2期;另2例直肠内充盈大量气体,肠道扩张过度(图5A),导致肠壁变薄,黏膜下层与肠壁固有肌层界限不清,无法分辨肿瘤组织与肠壁肌层的界限,因而被诊断为T2期,但病理显示肌层完整,不含肿瘤细胞。

       两组中病理示T2期而被过高分期为T3期的患者各有4例,MRI上均显示为肿瘤附近的肌层边缘模糊,并可见小结节、索条及毛刺样等或略低T2信号影,但病理显示为促结缔组织增生,并不含肿瘤细胞。由此可见是否使用开塞露与T2和T3分期的鉴别关系不大。

       本研究结果显示除T1分期的特异度和阳性预测值外,使用开塞露组/未用开塞露组T1分期的准确性、阴性预测值,T2分期的敏感性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值,T1+T2分期的敏感性(86.7%、77.8%,86.7%、80.6%,78.6%、77.3%,84.5%、73.9%,68.4%、61.5%,77.8%、69.4%)的差异,虽然尚未达到统计学显著性,但使用开塞露组均在一定程度上高于未用开塞露组。

       目前,直肠MR成像有常规MR平扫及应用对比剂MR扫描。多数学者认为使用肠道对比剂能提高直肠癌MRI术前诊断的准确性[6]

3.1 直肠常规MRI

       直肠常规MRI不用对比剂,肠腔扩张不足,几乎呈完全闭塞状态,黏膜及黏膜下层呈收缩状态聚集在一起,很难清晰显示,而肠壁其余各层结构及肠周脂肪层、临近组织结构和盆腔器官却可以清晰显示;反之,若肠道扩张过度,可导致肠壁变薄,肠壁各层间距减小,黏膜下层与环形肌层的界限在MRI上难以显示。另外,不用对比剂时肠腔内常有气体存留,气体的低信号可掩盖低信号的黏膜层,而且气体还容易产生磁敏感伪影。因此常规MRI很难区分T1与T2分期的肿瘤[8]

3.2 应用对比剂MR扫描

       直肠MRI常用对比剂包括气体、水、脂肪、钆(Gd)对比剂、硫酸钡和超顺磁性氧化铁(superparamagnetic iron oxide,SPIO)等。

       气体(如CO2)是一种比较合适的肠道MR阴性对比剂[6],但气体的低信号可掩盖T2WI低信号的黏膜层,并且易产生磁敏感伪影,对DWI影响很大,可使其图像变形、局部信号明显减弱或增强,直接影响肿瘤良恶性的判断。张燕等[9]用气体作对比剂,T1与T2期的敏感度均为66.7%,均明显低于本研究使用开塞露组(T1期76.5%、T2期78.6%)。

       水是便宜和安全的MR对比剂,但其操作较麻烦,检查时间较长,而且难以分辨T1与T2期肿瘤,只能合并为T1-2期一起评估。汤永祥等[10]用水作对比剂,T1-2期敏感度为78.6%,与本组使用开塞露组(77.8%)相仿,但也未能区分T1和T2期。

       脂肪对比剂在抑脂序列上可与肠壁及肠壁病变形成较好对比,但由于肠管扩张较明显,也只能将T1与T2期肿瘤一起评估。刘春龙等[11]用脂肪作对比剂,T1-2期的敏感度为62.5%,略低于本研究未用开塞露组(69.4%),明显低于使用开塞露组(77.8%)。

       Gd对比剂的高成本限制了其在直肠MRI中的广泛应用,而且浓度越高,其短T2效应越明显,对肠壁层次显示效果欠佳[6]。硫酸钡的MRI信号更依赖其浓度,且与肠壁信号近似,显示肠壁层次不佳。还有文献报道,肠道内使用双对比剂超顺磁性氧化铁(SPIO)可更好区别肠壁结构[9],但其费用较高,难以广泛应用。

       本研究将开塞露作为直肠MR肠道对比剂应用,其用量较少(通常1支/次)、而且部分排出,不会增加肠道蠕动机率,因此,它可以在一定程度上扩张肠腔,但又不会使直肠壁因过度扩张而变薄,从而导致肠壁各层界限不清。此外,由于开塞露在T1WI上呈低信号、T2WI上呈高信号,所以它可以与正常肠壁的黏膜层、黏膜下层、肠壁固有肌层及直肠癌(等或稍高T2信号)、新辅助化疗后的直肠癌(等或稍低T2信号)形成较为鲜明的对比。

       开塞露除了可以发挥一般肠道对比剂的作用(扩张肠道、提高解剖分辨率)外,还可以减少或清除肠道内气体,从而减少或消除磁化率差别,提高图像质量。另外,开塞露应用简便(能同时完成清洁肠道和注入对比剂,一举两得)、方便易得、价格便宜、性质稳定、无毒、副反应很小(短期使用几乎无副反应)。

       开塞露在应用中也存在一些问题,如肠道有时扩张程度欠佳,粪便有时难以完全排净(一些残留粪便及液体往往会造成假象),这些情况在一定程度上影响了T1和T2分期的准确性。另外,开塞露对于病变所致肠腔明显狭窄者应用受限。不过前两种情况可以通过增加开塞露用量而在一定程度上得以解决。

       综上所述,使用开塞露进行肠道准备能够明显提高直肠癌磁共振T1分期的敏感度、T2分期的特异度及准确度,同时在一定程度上提高T1和T1+T2分期的诊断准确性,建议作为直肠癌磁共振检查的肠道准备常规应用。

[1]
Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, et al. Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin, 2011, 61(4): 212-236.
[2]
Jemal A, Center MM, DeSantis C, et al. Global patterns of cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2010, 19(8): 1893-1907.
[3]
Kim YW, Cha SE, Pyo J, et al. Factors related to preoperative assessment of the circumferential resection margin and the extent of mesorectal invasion by magnetic resonance imaging in rectal cancer: a prospective comparison study. World J Surg, 2009, 33 (9): 1952-1960.
[4]
Kellokumpu IH, Kairaluoma MI, Nuorva KP, et al. Short- and long-term outcome following laparoscopic versus open resection for carcinoma of the rectum in the multimodal setting. Dis Colon Rectum, 2012, 55(8): 854-863.
[5]
Kaur H, Choi H, You YN, et al. MR imaging for preoperative evaluation of primary rectal cancer: practical considerations. Radiographics, 2012, 32(2): 389-409.
[6]
Yu Q, Wang FR, Zhang HM, et al. Current status of MR colonography. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2013, 4(2): 151-155.
余琼,王福荣,张惠茅. MR结肠成像的研究现状.磁共振成像, 2013, 4(2): 151-155.
[7]
Yu TH, Yang QH, Zhang ZQ, et al. The imaging diagnosis of rectoanal lesions. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2013, 4(4): 302-308.
余太慧,杨绮华,章作铨,等.直肠肛门病变的影像学诊断.磁共振成像, 2013, 4(4): 302-308.
[8]
Sun YS, Zhang XP, Tang L, et al. High-resolution MR image signs of local infiltration in rectal cancer with its pathological T staging: a comparison study in rectal cancer. Chin J Med Imaging Technol, 2009, 25(3): 465-468.
孙应实,张晓鹏,唐磊,等.直肠癌局部浸润的高分辨MRI征象与病理学T分期的对照研究.中国医学影像技术, 2009, 25(3): 465-468.
[9]
Zhang Y, Zhang H, Chen KM, et al. Value of magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative TN staging of rectal cancer. J Diagn Concep Prac, 2007, 6(2): 147-151.
张燕,张欢,陈克敏,等.评估MRI在直肠癌术前TN分期价值.诊断学理论与实践, 2007, 6(2): 147-151.
[10]
Tang YX, Zhang JP. The value of MRI with rectal irrigation in diagnosis and preoperative staging of rectal cancer. J Bengbu Med Coll, 2013, 38(4): 461-464.
汤永祥,张金平.直肠灌水磁共振成像在直肠癌诊断及术前分期中的应用.蚌埠医学院学报, 2013, 38(4): 461-464.
[11]
Liu CL, Zhang S, Peng WJ, et al. Potential value of colonography with fat contrast medium in staging of colorectal masses. Radiol Practice, 2009, 24(6): 657-660.
刘春龙,张帅,彭卫军,等.脂肪对比剂灌肠MR结肠成像在结直肠癌分期中的应用研究.放射学实践, 2009, 24(6): 657-660.

上一篇 Fabry病累及心脏的临床和影像学特征
下一篇 MR胰胆管造影表现为四管征的慢性胰腺炎
  
诚聘英才 | 广告合作 | 免责声明 | 版权声明
联系电话:010-67113815
京ICP备19028836号-2