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颅外胶质母细胞瘤的影像学检查方法推荐
武春雪 马军

武春雪,马军.颅外胶质母细胞瘤的影像学检查方法推荐.磁共振成像, 2015, 6(1): 45-49. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.01.009.


[摘要] 颅外胶质母细胞瘤影像诊断影响治疗与预后,应给予足够的重视。作者对颅外胶质母细胞瘤的疾病谱及其影像学特征做一归纳,也对其各种颅外胶质母细胞瘤的影像学方法做了讨论,旨在对相关研究和临床工作有一定帮助。
[Abstract] Extracranial glioblastoma should draw enough attention due to its influences on patient management and prognosis. In this article, a wide spectrum of extracranial manifestations of glioblastoma and recommendation for the imaging evaluation of extracranial glioblastoma are reviewed, for the purpose of advisory for related research and clinical practice.
[关键词] 颅外;胶质母细胞瘤;转移瘤;影像学推荐
[Keywords] Extracranial;Glioblastoma;Metastases;Imaging recommendation

武春雪 首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院放射科,北京 100050

马军* 首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院放射科,北京 100050

通讯作者:马军,E-mail: dr_ma@sina.com


收稿日期:2014-12-10
接受日期:2014-12-26
中图分类号:R445.2; R730.264 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.01.009
武春雪,马军.颅外胶质母细胞瘤的影像学检查方法推荐.磁共振成像, 2015, 6(1): 45-49. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.01.009.

1 背景

       胶质母细胞瘤是最常见的成人原发性脑肿瘤[1],但颅外的胶质母细胞瘤并不常见。颅外胶质母细胞瘤包括原发性脊髓胶质母细胞瘤、继发性脊髓转移,还可见于皮肤、脊柱、肺、肝、淋巴结、骨骼和腹部脏器[2,3,4]等少见部位。目前,关于颅外胶质母细胞瘤的影像学文献多为国外学者的[5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16],国内相关报道以个案为主[15,17,18,19]

       与颅内胶质母细胞瘤相比,原发性脊髓胶质母细胞瘤少见,仅占中枢神经系统胶质类肿瘤的2%~4%[20];此外,约15%~25%的幕上胶质母细胞瘤和高达60%的幕下胶质母细胞瘤会出现脑脊液播散[21],而颅内胶质母细胞瘤有症状的脊髓转移却只有大约2%[2]。脑室分流和开颅的患者更易发生胶质母细胞瘤转移[22,23,24,25]

2 颅外胶质母细胞瘤的影像检查方法推荐

       由于胶质母细胞瘤的颅外转移对患者的治疗方案选择和预后的影响,故影像学诊断应起到重要作用。评价颅外胶质母细胞瘤主要适用的影像学诊断方法包括MRI、CT和18FDG-PET,方法的选择取决于肿瘤的部位,MRI可用于脑胶质母细胞瘤的颅骨及头皮的局灶性转移,亦可应用于脊髓的检查;CT主要应用于肺、骨和腹部脏器的转移。

2.1 胶质母细胞瘤的颅骨及头皮转移的MRI检查

       应用于颅内胶质瘤的脑MR扫描序列[13,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]亦可以应用于胶质母细胞瘤的颅外局灶性转移,如累及颅骨及头皮,平扫及增强T1、T2 FLAIR、快速自旋回波T2、弥散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)、磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)、灌注成像(perfusion weighted imaging ,PWI)以及质子波谱成像(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)。DWI序列对于头颈部肿瘤各种早期的骨转移有很好的检出率,可表现为病灶的显著弥散受限[33,34]和ADC值降低[35,36]。此外,DWI应用于监测治疗反应,肿瘤治疗后典型表现为ADC值升高[34,35]。胶质母细胞瘤的MRS也可以提供预后信息,肿瘤表现为高Cho/Cr、高Cho/NAA、高脂质峰通常疗效欠佳[37]。PWI因可以提供肿瘤血供及血管通透性的信息,而可用于对胶质母细胞瘤患者进行预后评估和制定治疗方案[11],动态增强PWI也可以用于鉴别肿瘤复发和放射性坏死,前者表现为CBV值高、Ktrans值高,后者则均较低[37]

2.2 胶质母细胞瘤的脊髓转移的MRI检查

       典型的脊柱MRI扫描序列包括快速自旋回波T2、T1增强扫描,矢状面扫描可以获得整个脊柱的图像,轴面扫描可以获得矢状面上异常区域的图像。增强MRI对于脊髓内实质肿瘤软脊膜转移的敏感性约90%[38]。原发于颅内胶质母细胞瘤患者若有如下症状,如背痛、肠道或膀胱功能失调、感觉缺失和麻痹,则需要做神经轴的筛查[39]。对有胶质母细胞瘤的颅内柔脑膜转移的患者也需要做脊柱转移的筛查。但是,对缺乏脊柱转移特征表现的脑胶质母细胞瘤患者是否进行神经轴筛查,目前没有充足数据支持。

       MRI还可对髓内原发胶质母细胞瘤和转移性肿瘤进行鉴别诊断,可应用常规的序列,并使用弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)和PWI。与髓内非肿瘤性病变相比,髓内肿瘤的平均部分各向异性值(fractional anisotropy,FA)显著降低,而肿瘤血容量显著升高[39]。此外,用MRS评价脊髓是可行的,但技术上有挑战性,脊髓NAA和Cr水平正常低于脑内水平,这可能影响对结果的解释[40,41]

2.3 胶质母细胞瘤的其他转移的影像检查

       CT是最常用的评价肺转移瘤的方法[42]。同样,CT通常被认为是筛查腹部转移适当的检查方法[43]。对怀疑骨转移的患者,影像学方法包括99Tcm骨扫描、MRI、CT和18FDG-PET,但没有一种影像方法对评价所有类型肿瘤的骨转移和临床情况一直是最佳选择[44]。对于典型高代谢的胶质母细胞瘤转移,初步研究发现18FDG-PET对胶质母细胞瘤转移的诊断和很有价值[45,46]。此外,PET除了18FDG还可以使用各种放射示踪剂,如18FET,也可能用于活检和评价颅外胶质母细胞瘤的治疗反应,和颅内胶质母细胞瘤的适应证相似[45,47,48,49]

3 颅外胶质母细胞瘤的影像表现

3.1 脊髓原发胶质母细胞瘤

       脊髓原发胶质母细胞瘤大多表现为浸润性、膨胀性肿块,T2WI上呈高信号,增强后呈不均匀强化(图1图2)。由于肿瘤可累及多节段、下行转移和继发颅内受累,因此建议行全神经轴扫描。由于脊髓原发胶质母细胞瘤的临床表现与椎间盘突出相似[50],所以在日常工作中若常规序列中发现髓内信号和形态异常时,应建议行增强扫描。

图1  原发性髓内胶质母细胞瘤。轴面T2WI (A)及矢状面T2WI (B)显示一个广泛、累及长段胸髓的T2高信号肿块,呈轻度强化(C)。颅内未见肿瘤
图2  原发性髓内胶质母细胞瘤。轴面及矢状面T2 (A, B)矢状面增强T1WI MR (C)显示一个广泛、累及长段颈胸髓的T2高信号并强化的肿块(箭)。颅内未见肿瘤
图3  柔脑膜下行转移。轴面T2及矢状面增强T1 (A-B)显示胼胝体胶质母细胞瘤。矢状面增强T1WI (B)显示脑干柔脑膜异常强化(箭)
图4  柔脑膜下行转移。轴面增强T1 (A)显示左额叶胶质母细胞瘤。该患者接受化疗2年后,矢状面增强T1WI (B)显示脊髓前方及后方的强化肿块,压迫相应阶段脊髓(箭)
Fig. 1  Primary intramedullary spinal cord glioblastoma (pathology proven by Beijing Tiantan hospital). Axial and sagittal T2 (A,B) and sagittal post-contrast T1 (C) MR images show an expansile, T2 hyperintense, enhancing mass that involves a long segment of the thoracic spinal cord. No intracranial tumor was identified.
Fig. 2  Primary intramedullary spinal cord glioblastoma (pathology proven by Beijing Tiantan hospital). Axial and sagittal T2 (A, B) and sagittal post-contrast T1WI (C) show an expansile, T2 hyperintense, enhancing mass that involves a long segment of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord (arrow). No intracranial tumor was identified.
Fig. 3  Leptomeningeal drop metastasis (pathology proven by Beijng Tiantan Hospital). Axial T2 (A) and sagittal post-contrast T1 MRI (A) shows a glioblastoma of corpus callosum. Sagittalpost-contrast T1WI (B) shows a linear leptomeningeal enhancement along the brain stem (arrow).
Fig. 4  Leptomeningeal drop metastasis (pathology proven by Beijng Tiantan hospital). Axial post-contrast T1WI (A) shows a glioblastoma of left frontal lobe. After 2 years of chemotherapy, sagittalpost-contrast T1WI (B) shows a mass of leptomeningeal enhancement along the anterior and posterior aspect of the spinal cord (arrow), which compresses the spinal cord. The patient was receiving chemotherapy for the intracranial glioblastoma during this period.

3.2 脊髓柔脑膜转移瘤

       下行转移是胶质母细胞瘤最常见的转移方式之一[17,51]。胶质母细胞瘤柔脑膜转移灶表现为线状或结节状,呈T2WI高信号和T1WI低信号,增强扫描可见强化(图3图4)。脑脊液检查对于胶质母细胞瘤的柔脑膜播散的检测并无帮助,有报道发现,当MRI明确显示柔脑膜播散时,而脑脊液检查并无阳性发现[52]。文献报道胶质母细胞瘤柔脑膜转移可分布于全脊柱,颈髓水平占31%,胸髓水平占52%,腰髓水平占41%,马尾及脊髓圆锥水平占7%[53]

       髓内转移是较少见的肿瘤蛛网膜下腔转移的一种表现,病灶周围可有广泛水肿,MRI增强后可见强化。

3.3 脑干胶质母细胞瘤直接扩展至脊髓

       脑干胶质母细胞瘤常累及脑桥,并可向小脑及脊髓发展。成人脑干胶质母细胞瘤的影像学定性诊断很困难[54],鉴别诊断包括肿瘤样脱髓鞘、感染、炎性病变、自身免疫性疾病和血管炎性疾病[55,56]。MRI特殊序列如MRS、PWI及DTI可为高级别胶质瘤的诊断提供依据,如Cho/Cr升高、NAA峰降低、肿瘤血容量升高和弥散加权成像的各向异性分数降低[56]

3.4 头皮播散

       颅内胶质母细胞瘤通过开颅术缺口时直接扩散,与复发性颅内肿瘤的区别在于其表现为沿手术路径瘤结节[57,58],头皮病灶可见浸润性边缘,MRI上的特点与颅内病灶类似,可见明显强化、肿瘤血容量升高以及弥散受限。值得注意的是,由于转移性头皮种植的增强特点,在常规增强后T1WI像上难以与周围皮下脂肪鉴别,故应采用脂肪抑制的增强扫描序列。另外,扫描的视野(field of view,FOV)应足够大以包含所有头皮软组织。

3.5 通过脑脊液分流管播散

       对于行脑室腹腔分流术的颅内胶质母细胞瘤的患者,其分流管道可作为肿瘤向皮下组织和腹膜腔播散的通道[59]。因此,对于怀疑存在分流管转移的患者,可沿脑室腹腔分流管全长进行增强CT或者18FDG-PET成像检查。皮下与腹膜的肿瘤的分流管转移,可表现为较大范围的不均匀强化肿块,可有坏死,边界不规则或呈浸润性改变。

3.6 全身转移

       胶质母细胞瘤可通过血行播散和/或淋巴播散转移至全身任何组织[60]。全身胶质母细胞瘤转移可在增强CT图像中充分显示,该病灶通常表现为内脏中强化的软组织肿块、骨骼的溶骨性破坏以及淋巴结病变。胶质母细胞瘤适用于实体瘤疗效评价标准(response evaluation criteria in solid tumors ,RECIST)的影像描述,新版RECIST 1.1版包括:(1)目标病灶最多为5个,每个器官最多有两个,最大径至少为10 mm ;(2)应当测量淋巴结短轴而非长轴;(3)含软组织成分的骨骼病灶以及囊性肿瘤可作为目标病灶;(4)目标病灶的疾病进展要求最长径总和增大超过最小总和至少20%或者最小绝对值升高5 mm[48, 61,62]。在18FDG-PET检查时,全身胶质母细胞瘤转移表现为典型的高代谢,这种方法的作用十分重要[46]

4 结论

       虽然颅外胶质母细胞瘤少见,但无论是原发性还是转移性,各种类型的颅外病变都可能发生,当临床怀疑颅外胶质母细胞瘤时,应采用正确的影像学方法进行检查,同时继续积累经验。

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