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临床研究
3.0 T MRI 3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列结合多平面重建在三叉神经微血管减压术术前评估中的应用价值
金军 汤小俐 香辉 王小宜 陈玲 李莲

金军,汤小俐,香辉,等. 3.0 T MRI 3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列结合多平面重建在三叉神经微血管减压术术前评估中的应用价值.磁共振成像, 2015, 6(4): 277-282. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.04.007.


[摘要] 目的 探讨3.0 T MRI 3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列结合多平面重建在三叉神经微血管减压术术前评估中的应用价值。材料与方法 回顾性分析187例湘雅医院原发性三叉神经痛行三叉神经微血管减压术(MVD)的病例资料,将术前3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列检查情况与术中探查结果进行对比研究。结果 187例患者术前3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列显示:症状侧三叉神经血管压迫(neurovascular compression, NVC)阳性173例,阳性率达92.3%,MVD术发现血管神经压迫179例,阳性率达95.6%。其中小脑上动脉73例(40.8%)、小脑前下动脉28例(15.4%)、基底动脉17例(9.8%)、小脑后下动脉5例(3.2%)、复合压迫35例(20.2%)、静脉11例(6.2%)。3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列显示无血管压迫14例,阴性率7.7%,而术中发现无责任血管10例,阴性符合率58.8%。症状对侧血管压迫阳性20例,假阳性率10.7%,两侧阳性率差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论 3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列,结合3D后处理重建能相对清晰显示三叉神经与周围血管的空间关系,是三叉神经微血管减压术术前评估的有效方法之一。
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the value of 3D-TOF and 3D-FIESTA for preoperative assessment in microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia.Materials and Methods: 187 cases of primary trigeminal neuralgia underwent microvascular decompression (MVD) of Xiangya Hospital were retrospectively analyzed, the 3D-TOF and 3D-FIESTA findings preoperative and the intraoperative exploration results were compared.Results: 3D-TOF and 3D-FIESTA identified surgically verified neuro-vascular compression in 173 of 187 (92.3%) symptomatic nerves. Neurovascular compression was observed in 29 of 187 (16%) of asymptomatic nerves, 179 cases (95.6%) which neurovascular compression (NVC) were observed during operation underwent MVD: 73 cases (40.8%) with SCA, 28 cases (15.4%) with AICA, 5 cases (3.2%) with PICA, 17 caces with BA (9.8%), 35 cases (20.2%) with compounding compression, 11 cases (6.2%) with vein. 3D-TOF and 3D-FIESTA were not identified in 14 cases (7.7%), of which NVC 10 cases (58.8%) weren't observed during operation underwent trigeminal rhizotomy. Before operations, the 187 cases findings of 3D-TOF combined with 3D FIESTA sequence demonstrated that 173 in 187 (92.3%) were neuro-vascular compression which were ipsolateral with the symoptoms. The procedures of microvascular decompression revealed that 179 in 187 (95.6%) were neuro-vascular compression, including that 73 (40.8%) cases with SCA, 35 (20.2%) cases with combined compression, 28 (15.4%) cases with AICA, 17 (9.8%) cases with BA, 11 (6.2%) cases with vein, 5 (3.2%) cases with PICA.Conclusions: 3D-TOF and 3D-FIESTA combined with 3-D MPR which can clearly display spatial relationship of trigeminal nerve and around vessels is an effective method for preoperative assessment in microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia.
[关键词] 三叉神经痛;3D-TOF序列;3D-FIESTA序列;磁共振成像
[Keywords] Trigeminal neuralgia;3D-TOF;3D-FIESTA;Magnetic resonance imaging

金军 深圳市南山区蛇口人民医院放射科,深圳 518067

汤小俐* 深圳市南山区蛇口人民医院放射科,深圳 518067

香辉 兰州市西固区兰州石化总医院西区放射科,兰州 730060

王小宜 中南大学湘雅医院放射科,长沙 410008

陈玲 深圳市南山区蛇口人民医院临床药学科,深圳 518067

李莲 深圳市南山区蛇口人民医院血透室,深圳 518067

通讯作者:汤小俐,E-mail :303175614@qq.com


收稿日期:2014-11-19
接受日期:2015-01-04
中图分类号:R445.2; R651.3 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.04.007
金军,汤小俐,香辉,等. 3.0 T MRI 3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列结合多平面重建在三叉神经微血管减压术术前评估中的应用价值.磁共振成像, 2015, 6(4): 277-282. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.04.007.

       三叉神经微血管减压术(microvascular decompression, MVD)作为原发性三叉神经痛(trigeminal neuralgia, TN)安全有效的微创治疗手段而广泛应用,并取得了长期随访的良好效果[1]。近年来,随着磁共振断层血管成像(magnetic resonance tomographic angiography,MRTA)技术的开发与应用,解决了桥小脑角区内的神经和血管以往神经影像技术难以清晰显示二者关系的问题[2]。现回顾性分析湘雅医院2011年1月至2013年1月187例原发性三叉神经痛患者,行微血管减压术治疗前磁共振3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列结合多平面重建检查结果资料,并与术中探查结果进行对比分析,结果报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

       回顾性分析2011年1月-2013年1月在湘雅医院行三叉神经微血管减压术,并于术前行磁共振3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列检查187例患者,其中男81例,女106例,年龄32~75岁,平均(52.2±3.5)岁,病程1~18年,平均6.1年。所有病例均经CT或MRI扫描检查排除桥小脑角区占位性病变、多发性硬化等继发性因素。患者症状均为单侧,其中左侧111例,右侧76例,双侧比为1.58∶1。

1.2 检查方法

       检查设备为GE Signa HDx 3.0 T超导型MR扫描仪。受检者取平卧位,使用标准头颅正交线圈。同时采用三维时间飞跃(three dimensional time-of-flight,3D-TOF)扫描序列(扫描参数:TR:19 ms, TE :2.8 ms, Echo Train :1 ms)以及采用稳态采集快速成像(Fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition, FIESTA)扫描序列(扫描参数:TR:4.7~5.2 ms, TE 1.7~2.2 ms, Echo Train:1 ms,矩阵320×320 ,FOV 18×18~20×20,层厚0.8 mm,层间距0.4 mm,带宽41.7 kHz ,NEX:2.0)。根据脑干正中矢状面于桥脑中段水平三叉神经出脑干段行径范围做横断面成像,采集的所得数据传输在ADW4.3工作站,采用MPR重建,重建层厚0.4 mm,无间隔,沿三叉神经走形方向对其进行冠状及斜矢状位显示。

1.3 图像分析

       3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列检查及MPR重建结果由影像科医师和神经科医师结合,Yoshino[3]和陈克敏等[4,5]推荐的评估方法共同盲法读片:症状侧三叉神经接触血管部位有压迹或变形、任何两个及以上平面显示神经血管接触定为"阳性";两个以上方位层面均显示神经与邻近血管之间无接触关系定为"阴性";非症状侧血管与三叉神经阳性关系即为"假阳性"。

1.4 手术方法与疗效判定

       采用目前神经外科学者普遍认可的手术方法[6,7],即枕下-乙状窦后入路,全麻,侧卧位,患侧在上。选择乳突后直线切口,开骨窗约3 cm×3 cm ,骨窗外上方均暴露至横窦与乙状窦交汇处,星形剪开硬脑膜,显微镜下操作,适量放出脑脊液,显露桥小脑角,辨认三叉神经及压迫血管,在明显接触处垫入Teflon垫片,垫入垫片后若显松动,使用生物胶粘合固定;冲洗术区,见无出血后,缝合硬脑膜并使用人工硬脑膜修补缺损处,钛板修补缺损颅骨,严密缝合肌肉、头皮,手术后第7天切口甲级愈合拆线出院。对术前MRTA未发现血管压迫者行药物治疗或无水酒精毁损。手术疗效根据Brisman等[8]对三叉神经痛的疗效判定标准,即治愈:无疼痛、不服药;显效:疼痛缓解>90%,偶尔服药;有效:疼痛减轻或服药量减少≥50%;无效:疼痛较前稍有好转或无效,服药量减少<50%。

1.5 统计学处理

       用Stata统计学软件,以术中责任血管判断结果为判断金标准,比较3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列显示邻近血管对三叉神经分支压迫或接触的阳性病例数,获得数据进行x2分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

       所有患者3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列检查资料经重建后均可以直观地显示其桥小脑角三叉神经与血管的三维立体的图像,再现局部三叉神经与血管解剖结构。187例患者术前3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列结合重建图像显示:症状侧三叉神经血管压迫(NVC)阳性173例,阳性率达92.3%,MVD术发现血管神经压迫179例,阳性率达95.6%。其中小脑上动脉73例(40.8%)、小脑前下动脉28例(15.4%)、基底动脉17例(9.8%)、小脑后下动脉5例(3.2%)、复合压迫35例(20.2%)、静脉11例(6.2%)。3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列显示无血管压迫14例,阴性率7.7%,而术中发现无责任血管10例,阴性符合率58.8%。症状对侧血管压迫阳性20例,假阳性率10.7%(图1图2图3表1)。

图1  女,54岁,左侧面部发作性疼痛20年,呈针刺样。A:3D-FIESTA序列成像;B:3D-TOF序列成像显示:左侧小脑上动脉压迫左侧三叉神经(粗箭头图中显示三叉神经根,细箭头示压迫三叉神经根部的小脑上动脉)。术中见:小脑上动脉在靠近天幕缘处沿神经走向压迫三叉神经,将小脑上动脉分开后垫以Teflon垫棉,术后症状消失,恢复良好
图2  女,64岁,右侧面部发作性抽痛3年。A:3D-FIESTA序列成像;B:3D-TOF序列成像显示:右侧椎动脉(粗箭头)及右侧小脑后下动脉(燕尾箭)走形迂曲,压迫右侧三叉神经(细箭头)。术中见:右侧三叉神经根的下方被右侧椎动脉及分出的小脑后下动脉呈弧形压迫,术后恢复良好
图3  男,59岁,发作性左面部疼痛8年。A:3D-FIESTA序列成像;B:3D-TOF序列成像;C:MPR重建,Cor显示:左侧小脑上动脉(粗箭头)压迫左侧三叉神经根部(细箭头)。术中见:左侧小脑上动脉在天幕侧,于三叉神经腹侧及上缘压迫三叉神经,术后症状消失,随访1年恢复良好
Fig. 1  A 54 years old female patient with the left side of the face episodes of pain liking pinking for 20 years. A: 3D-FIESTA imaging; B: 3D-TOF imaging shows the left superior cerebellar artery compress left trigeminal nerve.Thick arrow shows the trigeminal nerve root and thin arrow shows the left superior cerebellar artery of trigeminal nerve root compression. Operative findings show the superior cerebellar artery compress trigeminal nerve near the canopy edge along the nerve trend.Ligated with Teflon after separated the superior cerebellar artery. The symptoms disappear and gain good recovery after the surgery.
Fig. 2  A 64 years old female patient with the right facial paroxysmal throbbing for 3 years. A: 3D-FIESTA imaging; B: 3D-TOF imaging shows the right vertebra artery representing by thick arrow and the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery representing by dovetail arrow running tortuosity compress the right trigeminal nerve representing by thin arrow. Operative findings showsthe bottom of right trigeminal nerve root Arcuated compressed by the right vertebra artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery. She gain good recovery after the surgery.
Fig. 3  A 59 years old male patient with the left facial paroxysmal pain for 8 years. A: 3D-FIESTA imaging; B: 3D-TOF imaging; C: MPR show the left superior cerebellar artery representing by thick arrow compress left trigeminal nerve root representing by thin arrow. Operative findings show the left superior cerebellar artery compressed the trigeminal nerve near the canopy upper edge and ventral trigeminal nerve. The symptoms disappear and gain good recovery by follow-up of 1 year after the surgery.
表1  187例三叉神经痛患者手术所见与3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列结果比较
Tab. 1  Surgical findings in 187 patients with trigeminal neuralgia compare with 3D-TOF combined with 3D-FIESTA(cases)

3 讨论

       三叉神经是最粗大的颅神经。三叉神经从桥脑腹侧面与小脑中脚移行处出脑,包括一粗大的感觉根和一较小的运动根,后者位于前内侧。椎动脉、小脑上动脉或小脑下动脉、或基底动脉的脑桥支,均可接触或压迫三叉神经感觉根,面神经根连于脑桥,位于橄榄与小脑下脚之间隐窝外侧,与前庭神经伴行,经内耳门入内耳道,穿过内耳道底进入面神经管,由茎乳孔出颅腔向前穿经腮腺达面部[9]。三叉神经痛是由于三叉神经在根部受到血管搏动性压迫所导致,其神经根部区域对搏动性和跨过性压迫特别敏感,而该区以外的周围神经轴突因有雪旺氏细胞包裹对微血管压迫不敏感。它是以病变侧三叉神经分布区内反复发作的阵发性剧痛为特征,轻触扳机点即可诱发疼痛,随着病程进展,疼痛发作愈发频繁,持续时间也愈长,而且发病率较高达182/10万,严重影响患者的身心健康[10,11]。几乎所有减轻疼痛症状的手术及治疗(包括微血管减压术、神经根切断术和立体定向放射治疗等)均作用于三叉神经出脑桥段(root entry zone, REZ)[11],改变了一些局部的解剖结构,因此责任血管与三叉神经出脑干段的观察对于原发性三叉神经痛的诊治至关重要。自Jannetta开创了MVD,迄今国内外已累积了数以万计的手术病例,已证实其是针对病因行之有效的治疗方法[12],在缓解疼痛的同时可有效保存面部感觉功能。但是由于术野的限制,术中责任血管的判定错误或遗漏导致手术失败,而使如何清晰地显示神经与血管三维关系,再现手术局部的解剖空间结构显得意义重大。

       近年来,磁共振成像已成为世界上最强大的医学诊断技术之一[13],3.0 T MRI可行任意方位的层面成像:横断面、冠状面、矢状面以及任意斜面直接采集成像,多方位立体地观察病变,不但可提供生理、生化及功能方面的信息,还可多参数、多序列成像,以及进行多种特殊成像,如各种血管像、水成像、脂肪抑制成像等。目前应用于临床的NCE-MRA序列如时间飞跃法(TOF)、相位对比法(PC)及3D-SSFP等得到发展及广泛应用,三叉神经痛术前磁共振断层血管成像(magnetic resonance tomography angiography,MRTA)显示血管压迫神经是行三叉神经微血管减压术的重要依据[13,14]。3D FIESTA是"黑血法"的典型代表,是一种完全平衡的稳态一致成像脉冲序列,用于在极短的TR下产生高信噪比图像[14]。该序列突出具有高T2> T1比率的自旋造影(如:脑脊液、水及脂肪),同时抑制具有低T2> T1比率的组织的信号。因此该成像对脂肪和水很敏感,呈现明显的高信号,其他成分均为低信号,对比良好,而且成像时间短,同时空间分辨率明显提高[15],但目标小血管邻近神经并与之重叠时分辨能力差[16]。3D-TOF为"白血法"代表,扫描序列的图像中脑脊液为低信号、脑神经为中等信号、血流速度较快的血管呈高信号,血管与三叉神经的信号具有良好的对比度。但其对流速慢的静脉及小动脉显影差,甚至有些管径小、方向迂曲流速慢的血管,表现为与神经信号相似的等信号,且静脉无法显示也是其缺点。

       本组患者术前采用3D-TOF联合3D FIESTA序列扫描,以横断位为基础、通过冠状位、斜矢状位等多平面重建,多角度观察,细小动脉和静脉在脑脊液中可清晰显示,对判断责任血管的存在及空间关系具有更高的空间分辨率和对比度,具有良好效果。所有187例患者术前3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列结合重建图像结果表明,症状侧三叉神经血管压迫(NVC)阳性173例,阳性率达92.3%,敏感性达到96.6%(173/179),这与以往文献报道吻合。结果同时提示随着高分辨三维成像技术的快速发展,三叉神经痛术前磁共振断层血管成像对原发性三叉神经痛责任血管类型、存在及走形的判断有重要指导价值。然而,假阳性率(无症状血管神经压迫、即无三叉神经痛症状而MRTA提示血管压迫阳性)达16%,Anderson等[17]报道为82%,而Peker等人[11]研究报道假阳性率为9%~10%,其原因与三叉神经邻近小血管襻环绕三叉神经走行以及使用中、低场强磁共振分辨率有限等而导致。本组采用3D-TOF联合3D FIESTA序列,结合三维多平面重建,与术中所见进行对比,显示阳性率高、敏感性高、假阳性率相对较低,单支动脉NVC术中符合率较高,笔者认为有以下因素:(1)本组采用3D-TOF联合3D FIESTA序列,结合三维多平面、薄层重建,可清晰显示解剖细节,帮助明确诊断;同时,采用了3D-TOF联合3D FIESTA序列扫描,将"白血法"和"黑血法"相结合,明显提高了对小动脉的显示、特别在静脉的显影以及空间分辨率提高更加显著。(2)本组将阳性定义为症状侧三叉神经接触血管部位有压迹或变形、任何两个及以上平面显示神经血管接触。(3)术中对责任血管的判断主要根据走形、位置、周围结构等,要进一步增加精确性,可术中联合神经内镜,探查责任血管的确切来源、走向及分支分布。

       本组研究假阴性率为58.8%,术中探查均为静脉或复合小动脉压迫,提示在细小动脉和静脉以及血管复合压迫的术前评判与术中真实所见有一定的差距。另外,对比发现变异较大的动脉复合静脉压迫或小脑前、下动脉分支的术中符合率尚不乐观。相信随着MR后处理技术的飞速发展,尤其是三维仿真内窥镜技术的发展,可设置模拟光源仿真成像,观察高、低信号分界处偏高信号区侧边缘状态,从不同角度和方向对靶区域重建,对桥小脑角血管、神经的空间关系更加清晰真实的显示[18]

       综上所述,3D-TOF联合3D FIESTA序列,结合多平面重建可清晰显示三叉神经与血管三维关系,有助于术前再现手术局部的解剖空间结构,预判责任血管,对提供患者术前评估和指导治疗具有重要意义[19,20],有助于临床医生在术前对病变范围及细节整体把握,提高手术成功率。MVD术前影像学表现有助于判断手术指征,尤其术前采用3D-TOF联合3D FIESTA序列扫描,对以横断位为基础、通过冠状位、斜矢状位等多平面重建所提供的影像学资料更具有重要的指导价值。然而,对于病程较长以及不典型三叉神经痛,3D-TOF联合3D FIESTA序列,结合多平面重建阳性不能作为MVD手术的必须指征。术前平扫及多平面重建未发现NVC,而术中探查也未找到责任血管,即存在阴性符合率,所以3D-TOF联合3D FIESTA序列,结合多平面重建显示阴性不是MVD的反指征,在实际工作中需与临床紧密结合。

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