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临床研究
MRI增强扫描在鼻咽癌放疗近期疗效评估中的应用价值
秦方辉 汪洋 孙宗琼 江泓 丁勇俊 蔡炜 岳建国 玄英花 延根

秦方辉,汪洋,孙宗琼,等. MRI增强扫描在鼻咽癌放疗近期疗效评估中的应用价值.磁共振成像, 2015, 6(6): 426-429. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.06.006.


[摘要] 目的 探讨MRI增强扫描在鼻咽癌根治性放疗前后判断疗效中的应用价值,并用体视觉分区分析法追踪观察鼻咽癌分期是否对放疗具有敏感性。材料与方法 回顾性分析经病理检查证实的50例初诊鼻咽癌患者,其中9例侵犯咽旁间隙或/和口咽(T2),29例侵犯颅底或/和翼内肌(T3),12例侵犯颅神经或/和海绵窦或/和鼻窦或/和翼外肌(T4),均行近期放射治疗(1疗程30次,66~ 70 Gy/次,5次/周,共6周),前后均行T1WI、T2WI和MRI增强扫描,利用体视觉分区分析法对病灶形态、范围及周围组织侵犯变化情况进行测量对比。上述数据均使用独立样本t检验进行统计学分析。结果 与放疗前对比,MRI增强扫描,9例侵犯咽旁间隙或/和口咽,29例侵犯颅底或/和翼内肌,7例侵犯颅神经或/和海绵窦或/和鼻窦或/和翼外肌的肿瘤病灶明显缩小及颈部淋巴结退小,并强化不明显或无强化趋势(P<0.05)。但5例病理分期为T4肿瘤中4例大小变化不明显及1例增大(P<0.05),并且病灶标准化强化强度变化也不明显。结论 MRI增强扫描灵敏显示鼻咽癌放疗前后的变化,对鼻咽癌的疗效评价具有很好的临床应用价值。另外,鼻咽癌放疗疗效与病理分期相关。
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the value of using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for efficient evaluation before and after radical radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer, and to assess whether the use of visual partitioning analysis for tracking and observing nasopharyngeal cancer staging is sensitive to radiotherapy.Materials and Methods: In total, 50 patients who were preliminarily diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer through pathological examinations were retrospectively analyzed, including 9 cases with stage T2, 29 cases with T3, and 12 cases with T4. All cases underwent short-term radiotherapy; T1 weighted imaging, T2 weighted imaging, and contrast-enhanced MRI were performed before and after radiotherapy. visual partitioning analysis was used to comparatively measure the variation in morphology and range of foci, as well as the involvement of surrounding tissues. All the above mentioned data were statistically analyzed using independent sample t-tests.Results: Compared to the conditions before radiotherapy, the tumor foci of 9 cases with parapharyngeal space and/or oropharynx involvement, 29 cases with skull base and/or medial pterygoid involvement, and 7 cases with cranial nerve and/or cavernous sinus and/or paranasal sinus and/or lateral pterygoid involvement showed significant shrinkage or reduction in the size of their cervical lymph nodes, along with non-apparent enhancement or no trend in enhancement (P<0.05). However, among 5 T4 cases, the tumor size non-significantly changed in 4 cases and increased in 1 case (P <0.05); moreover, the intensities of the standardized enhancement of foci did not significantly change.Conclusion: The changes in nasopharyngeal cancer before and after radiotherapy can be sensitively determined through contrast-enhanced MRI, which may thus have good clinical applicability in the effective evaluation of nasopharyngeal cancer. Moreover, the efficacy of radiotherapy fornasopharyngeal cancer may be associated with the pathological staging.
[关键词] 磁共振成像;鼻咽肿瘤;放射治疗
[Keywords] Magnetic resonance imaging;Nasopharyngeal neoplasms;Radiotherapy

秦方辉 江南大学附属医院影像科,无锡 214062

汪洋 江南大学附属医院影像科,无锡 214062

孙宗琼 江南大学附属医院影像科,无锡 214062

江泓 江南大学附属医院影像科,无锡 214062

丁勇俊 江南大学附属医院影像科,无锡 214062

蔡炜 江南大学附属医院影像科,无锡 214062

岳建国 江南大学附属医院影像科,无锡 214062

玄英花 江南大学附属医院影像科,无锡 214062

延根* 江南大学附属医院影像科,无锡 214062

通信作者:延根,E-mail:gyan@stu.edu.cn


基金项目: 教育部留学回国人员科研启动基金 编号:2012-1707
收稿日期:2015-01-13
接受日期:2015-05-04
中图分类号:R445.2; R739.62 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.06.006
秦方辉,汪洋,孙宗琼,等. MRI增强扫描在鼻咽癌放疗近期疗效评估中的应用价值.磁共振成像, 2015, 6(6): 426-429. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.06.006.

       鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal cancer)是我国常见的头颈部恶性肿瘤之一,起源于鼻咽部黏膜上皮,鳞癌占绝大多数。根据2012年世界卫生组织的粗略统计,约80%的鼻咽癌发生在中国[1]。鼻咽癌首选治疗为放射治疗,目前最大限度地将放射剂量集中在靶区以内杀灭肿瘤细胞[2],并尽可能减少周围正常组织和器官的放射剂量。MRI检查已广泛应用在临床,鼻咽癌病灶的范围及放疗后有无好转,除临床表现外,主要就是根据MRI检查来确定的[3,4]。本文选择初治鼻咽癌患者50例,经放射治疗1疗程前后均行MRI增强扫描,通过对肿瘤原发灶大小、强化后信号改变、边界等的变化及范围的比较,探讨MRI增强扫描在鼻咽癌放疗疗效中的应用价值,同时探讨鼻咽癌放疗疗效与病理分期相关性。

1 材料及方法

1.1 一般资料

       2011年12月至2014年10月到我院就诊的50例鼻咽癌患者,经鼻咽镜检查及病理检查均确诊为非角化性未分化癌。患者年龄最大者79岁,最小18岁,平均年龄(53±1.5)岁,其中男性患者39例,女性患者11例。上述50例患者均经病理证实且根据美国肿瘤联合(AJCC)/国际抗癌联盟(UICC)标准分期。所有研究对象均告知试验内容并签署知情同意书。

1.2 MRI扫描方法

       (1)采用signal 1.5 T超导型磁共振仪。线圈采用头颈联合线圈,患者取仰卧位。(2)扫描前准备包括准确测量病人体重,除去金属异物,行肘静脉穿刺准备。(3)均行颅底,鼻咽,颈部常规平扫+增强MRI检查,在增强扫描前进行常规鼻咽部T2WI横断面(TR:4780,TE:88.8)、T1WI横断面(TR:360,TE:13.8)和冠状面(TR:520,TE:8.5)平扫。(4)平扫结束经肘静脉注射造影剂Gd-DTPA,剂量为0.1 mmol/kg。注射对比剂后行常规T1横断面(TR:320,TE:2.5)、冠状面(TR:255,TE:1.6)、矢状面(TR:305,TE:2.4)增强扫描,以上序列均采用化学饱和法压脂,添加局部匀场,FOV:240 mm,slice Thickness:4 mm, Spacing:1 mm,NEX:2。

       所有病人均行放疗前及放疗1疗程(6周)后鼻咽及颈部平扫+增强扫描,并对病灶形态、范围及周围组织侵犯情况利用体视觉分区分析法进行测量对比。体视觉分区分析法:在PACS图像系统内,以检查前后相同层面及相同窗宽、窗位下对病灶大小、强化程度及病灶侵犯周围结构进行前后比较,能测量病灶大小,清晰显示相应组织及周围间隙的情况。

1.3 统计学处理

       所有数据分析均用SPSS 15.0统计软件包处理,采用卡方检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

       放疗前肿瘤病灶T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈不均匀高信号,病灶侧咽隐窝消失,咽旁间隙模糊或消失,肿块呈明显不均匀强化,增强后能清晰显示病灶形态、范围及周围组织侵犯情况(图1A~F);其中9例侵犯咽旁间隙或/和口咽(T2),29例侵犯颅底或/和翼内肌(T3),12例侵犯颅神经或/和海绵窦或/和鼻窦或/和翼外肌(T4),病变侧中耳乳突积液,10例一侧颈部淋巴结肿大,且直径小于3 cm,31例两侧颈部淋巴结肿大或一侧直径大于3 cm,9例无颈部淋巴结肿大,并均已病理检查证实(图1G表1)。放疗1疗程30次(66~70Gy/次,5次/周,共6周)后复查增强MRI,45例肿瘤原发病灶范围较前缩小,放疗有效率90%,病灶边界变清,侵犯范围变小,颈部肿大淋巴结均较前变小;4例比放疗前变化不明显,1例反而瘤体增大,其病理结果为低分化鳞癌,5例患者均侵犯颅底、头长肌、翼内肌,海绵窦受累,颈部肿大淋巴结退缩不明显。行增强扫描后,较平扫更能清晰显示病灶前后变化。因50例患者病理均为非角化性未分化癌,所以本研究结果仅适用于该病理分型的鼻咽癌。

图1  A~ C为放疗前T2WI横断位、增强T1WI横断位及增强T1WI冠状位:鼻咽左侧壁肿块,T2WI高信号,增强扫描明显不均匀强化,增强后能清晰显示病灶侵犯咽旁情况,冠状位未见肿大淋巴结;D为病理切片示未分化型鳞癌;E~ G为放疗后T2WI横断位、增强T1WI横断位及增强T1WI冠状位:鼻咽左侧壁肿块明显变小,增强后咽旁结构清晰显示
Fig. 1  A: Axial T2WI; B: Enhanced T1WI Axial; C: Coronal enhanced T1WI. Postcontrast T1WI shows an ill-defined, mildly enhancing mass at the region of the left parapharyngeal; D: Biopsy showed undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma; E-G: Post treatment changes after radiationtherapy. Axial T2WI, enhanced T1WI Axial and coronal enhanced T1WI. Nasopharyngeal tumors significantly became smaller in the left wall, after enhancing parapharyngeal structure was clearly displayed.
表1  50例鼻咽癌患者经1疗程(6周)放疗前后增强病灶强化程度及其周围侵犯显示结果比较(例数)
Tab. 1  MRI of 50 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma who were treated before and after a course of radiotherapy treatment (6 weeks) were compared that the degree of enhancement lesion and the invasion surrounding (cases)

3 讨论

       我国是鼻咽癌的高发国家,在我国南方地区是常见的头颈部恶性肿瘤之一,随着环境变化、饮食原因等综合因素影响,发病率近年呈上升趋势[1]。放射性治疗仍是目前主要的治疗手段,其效果确切,而通过影像学检查准确地显示肿瘤范围,这对放射治疗靶区的勾画及患者的疗效及预后至关重要[5]。文献报道[6]MRI检查在鼻咽癌的诊断、分期及治疗后随诊中具有显著优势,已成为评价鼻咽癌的最佳检查方法。MRI检查对鼻咽癌的诊断及疗效的评估已普遍应用于临床工作,MRI检查方法的优点在于对软组织的分辨率较高,可以明确肿瘤的具体位置、范围大小及对周围组织结构的浸润情况。随着磁共振快速扫描技术的发展和完善,应用增强MRI反映不同组织间由于造影剂的作用所产生的差异,可以提供常规MRI检查所不能获得的血流动力学方面的信息[7,8,9]。其在咽后淋巴结转移、超腔侵犯、颅内海绵窦侵犯及颅底骨质侵犯方面上具有更高的敏感性,较CT检查具有明显的优越性[10],MRI增强扫描能够对其放疗效果进行准确的监测[11],通过对比剂在肿瘤组织与血管中的分布、交换情况从而反映肿瘤的微血管状态及通透性。本研究的理论基础亦是基于此点,所用的对比剂GD-DTPA为细胞外间隙非特异性对比剂,肿瘤微血管特征影响着它在肿瘤内的变化。本组病例结果表明,增强后T1WI序列可明确显示出肿瘤侵犯范围及边界情况,与林蒙等[12,13,14]研究结果一致。放疗后,肿瘤周围侵犯的边界逐渐清晰,其中45例肿瘤体积缩小,边界由模糊转向清晰,可认为是放疗有效的征象;还有5个病例(均是T4期)放疗后变化不明显或反而增大,考虑除与肿瘤病理分型、大小有关外,还与肿瘤内对辐射性抗拒的克隆源性细胞较多[15]及肿瘤的分期有密切关系,约50%的鼻咽癌患者最初以颈部淋巴结肿大就诊。颈部淋巴结转移是影响临床分期、制定治疗方案及预后的一个重要因素。增强扫描能清晰显示颈部淋巴结,因而可以大大提高转移性淋巴结的检出率[16]

       总之,MRI增强扫描对于鼻咽癌肿瘤病灶及周围侵犯范围的诊断、淋巴结的显示、放射性治疗前靶区的范围及治疗后疗效的评估均有着非常大的价值,应作为常规和首选检查手段。

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