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DCE-MRI定量技术专题
动态增强磁共振定量成像对布氏杆菌性脊椎炎的鉴别诊断价值
乔鹏飞 牛衡 白玉贞 高阳 牛广明

乔鹏飞,牛衡,白玉贞,等.动态增强磁共振定量成像对布氏杆菌性脊椎炎的鉴别诊断价值.磁共振成像, 2015, 6(8): 581-584. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.08.005.


[摘要] 目的 探讨动态对比增强磁共振定量成像(dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI,DCE-MRI)技术对布氏杆菌性脊椎炎的鉴别诊断价值。材料与方法 16例脊椎病变患者(经临床或手术病理证实:11例布氏杆菌性脊椎炎、2例脊椎椎体转移瘤、3例结核性脊椎炎)行T1WI、T2WI、STIR及动态对比增强定量检查,分析其形态、信号特点及容积转运参数(Ktrans)与血管外细胞外间隙容积比(Ve)。结果 病变累及腰椎最多。布氏杆菌性脊椎炎在MRI上椎体形态多无明显变化,椎体边缘可见小的骨质破坏及骨质增生。病变椎体T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈低等或等高信号或低等高混杂信号。STIR呈高信号。增强扫描病变椎体明显强化,与周围正常增强的椎体信号类似或更高。各类脊椎病变的Ktrans值与Ve值的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 布氏杆菌性脊椎炎有特征性的磁共振表现,动态对比增强磁共振定量成像对鉴别诊断有重要价值。
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the value of dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI in differential diagnosis of brucellosis spondylitis.Materials and Methods: Sixteen cases with spinal lesions(proved by clinically or histologically: 11 cases were brucellosis spondylitis, 2 cases were vertebral metastases, 3 cases were tuberculous spondylitis) received T1WI, T2WI, STIR and DCE-MRI examination. Morphological and MRI features were analyzed.Results: The lesions were mainly located in the lumbar vertebrae. In the MRI of brucellosis spondylitis, morphology of vertebral body was almost normal. Bone destruction and osteophyte were detected in the rim of vertebral body. The affected vertebral body showed hypointense on T1WI, hypointense, isointense, hyperintense or heterogeneous intense on T2WI and hyperintense on STIR. After injection of contrast media, signal of affected vertebral body was similar to or higher than that of adjacent vertebral body. There were significant differences between the different spinal lesions for Ktrans values and Ve values (P<0.05).Conclusion: Brucellosis spondylitism has some MRI characteristics. DCE-MRI has significant value in the differential diagnosis of brucellosis spondylitis.
[关键词] 布氏杆菌;脊柱炎;磁共振成像;动态增强
[Keywords] Brucella;Spondylitis;Magnetic resonance imaging;Dynamic enhancement

乔鹏飞 内蒙古医科大学附属医院磁共振室,呼和浩特 010050

牛衡 内蒙古医科大学附属医院磁共振室,呼和浩特 010050

白玉贞 内蒙古医科大学附属医院磁共振室,呼和浩特 010050

高阳 内蒙古医科大学附属医院磁共振室,呼和浩特 010050

牛广明* 内蒙古医科大学附属医院磁共振室,呼和浩特 010050

通讯作者:牛广明,E-mail:cjr.niuguangming@ vip.163.com


基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目 编号:81460259
收稿日期:2015-06-14
接受日期:2015-07-17
中图分类号:R445.2; R681.51 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.08.005
乔鹏飞,牛衡,白玉贞,等.动态增强磁共振定量成像对布氏杆菌性脊椎炎的鉴别诊断价值.磁共振成像, 2015, 6(8): 581-584. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.08.005.

       布氏杆菌病(brucellosis)是由布鲁氏菌引起的传染-变态反应性的人畜共患二类传染病[1]。该病常侵袭脊椎引起脊椎炎,在临床表现和影像检查与脊柱椎体转移瘤、结核性脊椎炎有很多相似之处,易致误诊、误治。随畜牧业、养殖业的迅速发展,内蒙古地区乃至全国的布氏杆菌病发病率呈逐年上升趋势[2,3]。早期确诊对减少经济、社会损失具有重要意义。本文以有流行病学接触史的脊椎病变患者为研究对象,回顾性分析其磁共振表现及动态对比增强定量检查各参数值,探讨动态对比增强磁共振定量成像(dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI,DCE-MRI)在布氏杆菌性脊椎炎诊断中的价值。

1 材料与方法

1.1 病例资料

       收集我院2014年1月至2015年3月收治有流行病学接触史,有发热、关节痛和持续剧烈腰背痛等症状,MRI平扫发现脊椎病变,鉴别诊断困难的患者16例,其中男性10例,女性6例,年龄48~ 65岁,平均年龄57岁,所有被试人员都已签署MRI检查知情同意书。病例均经过动态对比增强磁共振定量检查,MRI室3位高年资教授会诊签发诊断报告。后由实验室检查、手术及病理、随访等证实诊断的准确性。

1.2 检查设备及扫描

       所有患者均使用MRI室的GE公司Signa HDx 3.0 T超导型磁共振扫描仪(GE-Signa HDx,Milwaukee,US)激发和采集信号。首先使用全脊柱相控阵线圈行常规MRI检查,包括矢状位FRFSE-T2WI(TR=2140 ms,TE=120 ms,ETL=25),T1FLAIR序列(TR=2000 ms,TE= 8.4 ms,TI=1080 ms,ETL=8),层厚4.8 mm,层间距2.4 mm,扫描FOV=320 mm × 320 mm。

       T1W-DCE-MRI采用LAVA-XV(3D-GRE-T1WI)序列(层厚4.8 mm,TR=2.8 ms,TE=1. 2 ms,反转角15°,扫描FOV=320 mm × 320 mm,扫描矩阵256 mm × 160 mm)。使用磁共振压力注射器(MEDRAD,Spectris Solaris EP,U.S.A)经肘静脉套管针(20 G)注射欧乃影(GE药业),剂量按照0.2 mmol/kg,流率3 ml/s,注射完毕立即用20 ml生理盐水以相同流率冲洗连接管。开始注射对比剂时启动LAVA-XV序列,对椎体行多期(总共15期)动态连续性扫描,每期扫描持续7 s。

1.3 DCE-MRI定量参数计算

       所得图像均在GE ADW4.4工作站使用相关软件进行后处理。在正中矢状面沿皮质勾画有病变椎体类矩形感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI),ROI大小2.1 ~3.2 cm2,分别测量每个ROI的灌注参数容积转运参数(Ktrans值)、血管外细胞外间隙容积比(Ve值),然后计算出每组各参数的均值。

1.4 统计分析

       灌注参数Ktrans值、Ve值以均数±标准差(±s)表示,应用SPSS 17.0统计软件对数据结果进行统计分析,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)观察各参数组间差异,以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 病变数目、发病部位与MRI表现

       16例患者经临床或手术病理证实:11例布氏菌性脊椎炎,2例脊椎椎体转移瘤,3例结核性脊椎炎。2个椎体受累者15例,L3、L4椎体6例,L4、L5椎体4例(图1),L2、L3椎体2例,L1、L2椎体1例,T5、T6椎体2例(图2);3个椎体受累者1例,为L3~5椎体。病灶多分布于腰椎,以L3与L4椎体发病率最高,为56%(9/16)。其中布氏菌性脊椎炎的MRI表现:受累椎体形态多无明显变化,椎体边缘可见小的骨质破坏及骨质增生。病变椎体T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈低等或等高信号或低等高混杂信号,STIR呈高信号。增强扫描病变椎体明显强化,与周围正常增强的椎体信号类似或更高。脊椎椎体转移瘤的MRI表现:椎体及附件同时受累,椎间盘无受累,局部肿块呈软组织信号特点。结核性脊椎炎的MRI表现:受累椎体破坏变形较明显,脊柱后突成角畸形,椎间盘破坏严重,病变椎体信号不均匀。增强扫描呈环形强化。

图1  布氏杆菌性脊髓炎患者,男,58岁,后背疼半年,加重伴腰骶部疼痛。MRI示L4、L5病灶,椎体无明显变形,椎间隙轻度变窄。A:矢状位T1WI病变椎体呈低信号,椎间盘呈等信号,椎管前软组织呈混杂低信号;B:矢状位T2WI病变椎体呈低等信号,椎间盘呈等信号,椎管前软组织呈混杂高信号;C:矢状位STIR椎体、椎前软组织均呈混杂高信号;D:轴位T2WI双侧腰大肌肿胀,其内信号混杂,椎前软组织信号混杂;E、F:轴位增强椎体明显强化,椎间盘信号与邻近其他间盘类似,椎前软组织不均匀强化
Fig. 1  Brucellosis spondylitis patient, male, fifty-eight years old. Back pain for six months, increased with lumbosacral pain. MRI showed L4, L5 changes, no significant deformation of vertebral body, vertebral disc space narrowing slightly. A: Sagittal T1WI vertebra showed low signal, disc showed equal signal, spinal soft tissue showed mixed low signal; B: Sagittal T2WI vertebra showed low signal, disc showed equal signal, spinal soft tissue showed mixed high signal; C: Sagittal STIR vertebra, spinal soft tissue mixed high signal; D: Axial T2WI bilateral lumbar muscles swelling, showed mixed signal, spinal soft tissue showed mixed signal; E, F: Axial enhanced scan showed vertebral body significantly enhanced, disc signal was similar with near discs, spinal soft tissue showed uneven enhanced .
图2  3例脊椎病变患者的T1增强图(A、C、E),Ktrans图(B、D、F)。L2椎体转移瘤(A、B),Ktrans值为0.106 min-1。T6结核性脊椎炎(C、D),Ktrans值为0.085 min-1。L5布氏杆菌性脊椎炎(E、F),Ktrans值为0.037 min-1
Fig. 2  T1 enhanced map (A, C, E) and Ktrans map (B, D, F) of three cases. L2 Vertebral metastases (A, B), Ktrans 0.106 min-1. T6 Tuberculous spondylitis (C, D), Ktrans 0.085 min-1. L5 Brucella spondylitis (E, F), Ktrans 0.037 min-1.

2.2 不同类型脊柱病变Ktrans值与Ve值的差异比较

       表1示不同类型脊椎病变Ktrans值与Ve值,布氏杆菌性脊椎炎的Ktrans值、Ve值低于结核性脊椎炎、椎体转移瘤,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);结核性脊椎炎的Ktrans值、Ve值低于椎体转移瘤,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。

表1  不同类型脊椎病变的Ktrans值与Ve值
Tab. 1  The Ktrans and Ve value of different spinal lesions

3 讨论

       内蒙古牧区是布氏杆菌病的集中好发地,但由于流行病学资料不详细(如接触史、职业、饮食习惯等),加之临床医师对布氏杆菌病的认识不足,很多患者初次就诊临床怀疑椎间盘突出等腰椎退行性变而进行MRI检查(本组有6例)。本组病例从发病到确诊最长者达9个月,平均4个月,笔者认为长期误诊的主要原因为:临床表现多样化且不典型(如热型不典型)。

       本组病例主要与以下两种病变相混淆,应重视其鉴别诊断:(1)脊柱结核:累及相邻多个椎体的骨质破坏,可破坏椎间盘累及椎间隙狭窄,椎旁软组织肿胀常伴有冷脓肿,呈较大范围的流注,脓肿壁薄而光滑,增强扫描多呈环形强化[4,5]。结合病史,低热、盗汗等临床表现及实验室检查可鉴别;(2)椎体转移瘤:患者年龄较大,多有原发癌病史,累及多个椎体的广泛骨质破坏,常伴附件破坏,病灶边界较模糊,椎间盘及椎间隙正常;结合年龄及病史可诊断。另外,动态对比增强磁共振定量检查技术是利用MRI不断地检测对比剂在组织和器官的增强情况,观察血管的渗透性变化[6,7]。当对比剂分子从血管内渗漏到血管外细胞外间隙(extravascular extracellular space,EES)时,血管内外的对比剂分布发生改变,弛豫也随之发生变化[8,9]。Ktrans值代表供血动脉中的对比剂向细胞间质渗透速度,Ve值代表血管外细胞外间质内的对比剂被血管收集并流出体素的速度,它们能够定量测量微血管的通透性。通过本组病例发现,布氏杆菌等炎性病变的Ktrans、Ve值低于脊柱转移瘤等肿瘤性病变,布氏杆菌性脊柱炎的相对乏血供炎性病变的Ktrans、Ve值低于结核性脊柱炎等富血供炎性病变,Ktrans、Ve值随血供程度的升高而升高[10,11]。原因可能是肿瘤的持续生长及干酪样坏死的持续发展需要合成新的不成熟的微血管,这些微血管通透性高于正常血管,所以很容易引起血管内容物或者对比剂分子的外漏[12,13,14,15]。因此,应用DCE-MRI分析脊椎病变微血管通透性可以反映病变的血供情况,提供一种新的影像学证据,提高诊断的准确性。

       本研究样本量较少,尤其是椎体转移瘤仅有2例,另外没有做到病理与影像的点对点对照。因此结果仍需要大量病例数加以验证。

       布氏杆菌性脊椎炎有一定的特征影像表现,当鉴别诊断困难时,应结合其流行病学接触史、实验室检查仔细分析影像资料。另外,研究显示Ktrans值、Ve值可以准确地评估脊椎病变微血管通透性,为鉴别诊断提供重要的参考价值。

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