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临床研究
椎管内表皮样囊肿的MRI诊断与临床分析
王培源 王霞 陈亮 王旭 夏吉凯 王滨

王培源,王霞,陈亮,等.椎管内表皮样囊肿的MRI诊断与临床分析.磁共振成像, 2015, 6(9): 663-668. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.09.005.


[摘要] 目的 探讨椎管内表皮样囊肿的临床表现特点及MRI诊断价值。材料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的27例(男15例,女12例)椎管内表皮样囊肿的临床及影像资料,重点分析其X线表现及MRI特点。结果 主要临床表现为单侧或双侧下肢疼痛、麻木无力或肌力减退。病变部位为骶尾段13、腰骶椎交界区4例,腰段7例,胸腰椎交界区3例。位于髓外硬膜下23例,脊髓内4例。病变长度2.7~9.0 cm不等,长轴与椎管方向一致。T1WI示8例呈均匀低信号,14例呈等低混杂信号,5例呈高低混杂信号。T2WI 6例呈均匀高信号,21例呈等高混杂信号;增强扫描,4例病变周围见不规则环形或线状强化。16例患者合并发育性骨质异常。结论 椎管内表皮样囊肿以先天性多见,多伴有其它先天性发育畸形;X线检查可以发现并存的骨质异常,MRI表现具有特征性,对病变诊断及鉴别诊断有重要价值。
[Abstract] Objective: To discuss the clinical characteristics and MRI diagnostic value of intraspinal epidermoid cyst.Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven cases (male 15 cases, female 12 cases) intraspinal epidermoid cyst with complete clinical and imaging data were diagnosed retrospectively, which confirmed by surgery and pathology.Results: The major clinical manifestations were unilateral or bilateral lower lamb pain, numbness weakness or strength decreased. Location of lesions were 13 in sacrococcygeal region, 4 in lumbosacral vertebral border area, 7 in lumbar segments, and 3 in thoracolumbar border area. Twenty-three lesions were in subdural space, and 4 in the spinal cord. The length of lesions was 2.7—9.0 cm, and the long axis was consistent with the spinal canal. On MRI, 8 cases showed uniformity hypo-intensity, 14 cases showed iso-/hypo- intensity, and 5 cases showed hyper-/hypo- intensity in T1WI. And 6 cases showed uniformity hyper-intensity, 21 cases showed iso-/hyperintensity in T2WI. In contrast enhancement, only 4 cases showed irregular circular or linear peripheral enhancement. Sixteen cases complicated with other congenital bone deformation.Conclusions: The intraspinal epidermoid cyst most likely occurred congenitally, and often complicated with other congenital developmental malformation, which can be observed by X-ray photography. The intraspinal epidermoid cyst has characteristic MRI findings, which play an important role in its diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
[关键词] 皮样囊肿;脊髓疾病;磁共振成像
[Keywords] Dermoid cyst;Spinal cord diseases;Magnetic resonance imaging

王培源 滨州医学院附属医院医学影像科,滨州 264403;滨州医学院医学影像研究所,烟台 264100

王霞 滨州医学院基础医学院,烟台 264100

陈亮 滨州医学院附属医院医学影像科,滨州 264403

王旭 滨州医学院附属医院医学影像科,滨州 264403

夏吉凯 滨州医学院附属医院医学影像科,滨州 264403

王滨* 滨州医学院医学影像研究所,烟台 264100

通讯作者:王滨,E-mail:binwang001@aliyun.com


收稿日期:2015-06-30
接受日期:2015-08-08
中图分类号:R445.2; R730.269 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.09.005
王培源,王霞,陈亮,等.椎管内表皮样囊肿的MRI诊断与临床分析.磁共振成像, 2015, 6(9): 663-668. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.09.005.

       椎管内表皮样囊肿是临床少见病,占椎管内肿瘤0.5%~1%[1,2,3,4,5]。由于其内成分多样,组成比例复杂,影像表现不完全相同,临床上易误诊为其他囊性病变。为了提高对本病的认识,降低误诊率,现对我院自2006年至今收治,有完整临床及影像资料,并经手术病理证实的27例椎管内表皮样囊肿进行分析总结。

1 材料与方法

1.1 一般资料

       27例椎管内表皮样囊肿为2006年1月至2014年6月间在我院诊治,具有完整临床及影像检查资料的患者,且经手术病理证实。男15例,女12例;年龄5~66岁,平均31岁,其中10岁以下6例,50岁以上5例。

       27例患者均因单侧或双侧下肢症状就诊,就诊时病程3个月至20年不等。主要临床表现为单侧或双侧下肢疼痛、麻木无力或肌力减退,14例马鞍区感觉减退,6例伴有大小便障碍,3例伴性功能减退。查体:2例患者病变部位体表可见皮赘。所有患者均无腰椎穿刺病史。

1.2 影像学检查

       所有患者均行脊柱X线检查和MRI平扫和增强检查。MRI扫描采用GE Signa Excite Ⅱ 1.5 T超导扫描仪。常规行矢状面和横断面扫描,必要时加做冠状面,层厚4 mm,层间隔0.5 mm。扫描序列为FRFSE T2WI (TR 4500 ms,TE 112.5 ms),FSE T1WI(TR 600 ms,TE 9.5 ms),脂肪抑制T2WI序列(TR 4500 ms,TE 110.6 ms)。MRI增强检查对比剂为Gd-DTPA,剂量为0.1~0.2 mmol/kg。

2 结果

2.1 X线表现

       16例患者的脊椎X线片显示脊柱裂,其中2例合并骨性椎管纵裂(1例合并显性脊柱裂),2例合并椎体融合,7例合并骨性椎管增宽。3例仅见骨性椎管增宽。余6例患者X线检查未见确切骨质异常改变。10例骨性椎管增宽患者,正位片表现为病变区椎弓根间距增宽,椎弓根投影变形;侧位片表现为椎管矢状径增大。以病变上方正常椎弓根内缘间距及正常椎管矢状径为准,测量最宽处径线增加3~5 mm不等。

2.2 MRI表现

       27例患者中,病变位于骶尾段13例、腰骶椎交界区4例,腰段7例,胸腰椎交界区3例。其中位于髓外硬膜下23例,脊髓内4例(胸腰椎交界区1例,腰段3例)。病变长度2.7~9.0 cm不等,长轴与椎管方向一致。23例髓外硬膜下病变呈类圆形20例,不规则形3例;6例长径大于5.0 cm。4例髓内病变3例呈类圆形,1例呈不规则形;病变长径均小于5 cm(表1)。

       27例椎管内表皮样囊肿,病变边缘清楚25例,边缘模糊2例。MRI平扫,T1WI上8例呈均匀低信号,14例等低混杂信号,5例高低混杂信号,且病变内低信号强度均高于脑脊液信号。T2WI上,6例呈均匀高信号,21例呈等高混杂信号;所有病变区高信号均低于脑脊液信号强度。MRI增强扫描,病变囊性部分均未见确切强化征象,4例病变周围见不规则环形或线状强化。13例病变周围可见脂肪信号环绕,主要位于病变下方、终丝区(图1图2),其中脂肪瘤3例。10例病变远侧蛛网膜下腔及骨性椎管增宽(与X线片为同患者)。9例可见脊髓栓系、低位。腰骶部髓外硬膜下病变均可见邻近终丝、马尾明显外压性改变。病变周围脊髓组织内未见确切变性、囊变或脊髓空洞症。

       MRI显示其他并发先天性疾病包括:隐性脊柱裂15例,显性脊柱裂1例;骨性椎管纵裂并脊髓纵裂2例(其中1例合并显性脊柱裂及椎管内脂肪瘤、脊髓栓系)(图3);腰骶部皮毛窦2例(合并椎管内脂肪瘤及脊髓栓系)(图4);椎体融合2例;合并骶管内蛛网膜囊肿2例(图1图2)。

图1  女,27岁。腰段椎管内表皮样囊肿合并骶管囊肿。A:T2WI;B:T1WI;C:FS-T2WI;D:冠状面T2WI;E~G:CE FS-T1WI。MR平扫示L2-3水平硬膜囊内梭形囊性占位性病变,呈长T1、等长T2混杂信号,边缘清楚,T1WI囊壁及下方部分终丝呈中高信号。S2-3水平骶管内见囊状液体信号灶,边缘清楚。腰骶椎椎管均增宽。增强扫描,病变囊壁局部点条状强化
图2  男,5岁。胸腰段椎管内表皮样囊肿合并骶管囊肿。A、B:T2WI;C:T1WI;D:FS-T2WI;E~G:CE FS-T1WI;H:腰椎正位片。MRI平扫(A~D)示T12-L1水平脊髓内梭形囊性占位性病变,呈等长T1、等长T2混杂信号,下方及前壁可见小片状及条状脂肪信号;增强扫描,病变无明显强化,囊壁局部点条状强化。S2-4水平骶管内见囊状液体信号灶,边缘清楚,相应部位脊髓栓系。T11水平以远椎管明显扩大
Fig. 1  Female, 27 years old, intraspinal epidermoid cyst (lumbar), with arachnoid cysts in sacral canal. A: T2WI. B: T1WI. C: FS-T2WI. D: coronal T2WI. E—G: CE FS-T1WI. The spindle shaped cystic lesions lies in the dural sac of L2-3 level, with long T1, iso-/long T2 mixed signal intensity, the edge is clear, the capsule wall and filum terminale shows intermediate/hyper- intensity on T1WI. At the level of S2-3, cystic fluid signal lesion can be seen in the sacral canal, with clear edge. Lumbar and sacral vertebral canal were widened. On enhanced scan, local point and strip enhancement can be seen in the cystic wall.
Fig. 2  Male, 5 years old child, intraspinal epidermoid cyst (thoracolumbar), with arachnoid cysts in sacral canal. A, B: T2WI. C: T1WI. D: FS-T2WI. E—G: CE FS-T1WI. H: lumbar frontal examination. On MRI common scan (A—D), a cystic lesion lies in the spinal cord at the level of T12-L1, with iso-/hypointensity on T1WI and iso-/hyper-intensity on T2WI, patch and strip fat signal can be seen at the distal and front edge. On contrast enhancement, only local point and strip enhancement can be seen in the cystic wall. At the level of S2-4, cystic fluid signal lesion can be seen in the sacral canal, with clear edge, and combine with tethered cord. The distal vertebral canal were widened from T11 level.
图3  女,25岁。椎管内表皮样囊肿(腰骶部),合并骨性椎管纵裂并脊髓纵裂、显性脊柱裂及椎管内脂肪瘤、脊髓栓系。A:腰椎正位片,显示T11-L1水平椎管内骨性纵裂及骶管裂。B: T2WI. C: T1WI. D: FS-T2WI. E: T2WI. F: CE FS-T1WI。T10~L1椎体发育畸形及T12椎管内骨隔形成,相应部位脊髓纵裂、显性脊柱裂并脂肪瘤形成。L5~S3水平椎管内表皮样囊肿,远侧边缘可见少量条状脂肪信号,合并脊髓栓系。增强扫描病变囊壁线样强化
图4  男,30岁。椎管内表皮样囊肿(腰段),合并皮毛窦,脂肪瘤。A:T1WI;B:T2WI;C:FS-T2WI;D:T2WI;E:T1WI;F:T1WI。显示L4水平椎管内表皮样囊肿,下方可见片状及线状脂肪信号延伸至S3水平与硬膜囊背侧相连续,相应部位体表可见皮毛窦
Fig. 3  Female, 25 years old, intraspinal epidermoid cyst(lumbosacral), with longitudinal crack on bony vertebral canal, diplomyelia, spina bifida and intraspinal lipoma, tethered cord. A: Lumbar frontal examination, shows longitudinal crack on bony vertebral canal and sacral canal crack. B: T2WI. C: T1WI. D: FS-T2WI. E: T2WI. F: CE FS-T1WI. Show T10—L1 vertebral malformations and T12 intra-spinal canal bone septum formation, diastematomyelia, spina bifida and lipoma in the corresponding regions. The lesion of intraspinal epidermoid cyst lies at the level of L5—S3, strip fat signal can be seen at the distal edge, combined with tethered cord. In contrast enhanced scan, line reinforcement can be seen in the cystic wall.
Fig. 4  Male, 30 years old, lumbar intraspinal epidermoid cyst with dermal sinus, intraspinal lipoma. A: T1WI. B: T2WI. C: FS-T2WI. D: T2WI. E: T1WI. F: T1WI. Show the intra-spinal epidermoid cyst at L4 level. Flake and linear fat signal can be seen below the lesion and extends to S3 level, and continuous with the dorsal part of the dural sac, dermal sinus can be seen at the corresponding surface.
表1  椎管内表皮样囊肿的影像表现(例)
Tab. 1  The radiology findings of intraspinal epidermoid cyst (n)

3 讨论

       椎管内表皮样囊肿是临床少见病,占所有年龄组椎管内肿瘤的0.5%~1%[1,2],占儿童椎管内肿瘤的3%~10%[3,4,5]。该病变临床表现缺乏特异性,其内成分及比例复杂多样,影像表现不完全相同,临床上易误诊为其他囊性病变。

3.1 病因及组织学基础

       椎管内表皮样囊肿可以分为先天性和获得性。先天性表皮样囊肿常与表皮发育缺陷,异位外胚层组织发育有关,主要发生于胚胎发育第3~5周神经管闭合前,其内有残留的外胚层包含物可引起椎管内表皮样囊肿的形成,且常伴有硬脊膜闭合缺陷相关表现,包括骨质发育异常(如脊柱裂、半椎体)、皮毛窦、脊髓脊膜膨出、脊髓纵裂、脊髓空洞症、肠源性囊肿等[2,3,6,7,8]

       获得性椎管内表皮样囊肿往往无先天性发育性疾病,且缺乏骨质异常,约占椎管内表皮样囊肿40%[3,9]。获得性椎管内表皮样囊肿最常见的病因为腰椎穿刺,本研究所有患者均无腰椎穿刺病史。Issaivanan等[3]报道了1例男性患儿,2岁时诊断急性淋巴细胞白血病,在26个月的治疗过程中先后有19次诊断性/治疗性腰椎穿刺,8岁时确诊椎管内表皮样囊肿并手术切除。在应用空心针穿刺过程中,上皮组织(皮肤碎片)通过针道种植到蛛网膜下腔可引起发病[3,10,11],且这种假设已经被多种动物实验证实[12,13]。此外,获得性还可见于脊柱创伤[14]、脊髓麻醉术、枪弹伤、脊髓造影检查术后、脊柱或椎管内病变术后并发症等[8,15]

3.2 临床与病理

3.2.1 临床表现

       先天性与获得性椎管内表皮样囊肿临床表现无确切差异。临床症状主要与病变部位及病变大小有关。多数患者发病前临床症状较轻微,随着病变的增大和对邻近结构的压迫,症状逐渐加重,且往往病程持续时间较长。轻者,可表现为病变节段软组织僵硬、肢体感觉减退,马鞍区感觉异常,并可伴有四肢麻痹。病变加重,可出现步态异常、渐进性背痛、进行性加重的双侧臀部疼痛,双下肢放射痛;四肢轻瘫、肌张力亢进、四肢深腱反射过度;肢体感觉丧失等。严重者可出现截瘫。髓内病变,位置越高,病变越大,患者症状出现越早,且进展速度越快,如颈髓内病变往往容易出现颈痛、四肢肌力减退,肌张力增高、和(或)深反射亢进,可以双侧或一侧为重,并且可出现感觉减退甚至丧失[2,6];位置较低病变症状出现层面下降,主要位于下肢及病变脊段区,如腰骶部病变还容易引起马鞍区感觉异常。髓外硬膜下病变,引起的症状与相应部位的肿瘤性病变引起症状可以相似。本研究所有患者病变位置偏低,临床表现以轻中度为主,未见确切重症及截瘫表现。文献报道多例椎管内表皮样囊肿患者出现截瘫,并认为该症状出现可能与外伤等多种原因引起的囊肿破裂有关[16,17,18,19];截瘫症状多在术后得以改善。

3.2.2 病理表现

       表皮样囊肿由囊壁和囊内容物构成。囊壁内侧常被覆复层鳞状上皮构成的上皮衬里,外侧为纤维结缔组织构成的囊壁,囊壁内一般无皮脂腺、汗腺、毛囊等皮肤附属器。囊内充满皮脂样物、碎屑、毛发,并可有少量钙化物。囊肿往往随着上皮衬里细胞的增生和(或)囊肿内角化碎片的脱落而有逐渐增大的倾向。

3.3 影像学表现

3.3.1 发病部位

       椎管内表皮样囊肿为椎管内少见病,可发生于椎管内任何部位,以髓外硬膜下病变较多见,其中腰、骶部最常见;髓内病变较少见,最常见于胸髓,以T4-6和T11-12最常见,其次为腰段,颈髓少见[2,6,20]。本研究27例患者中23例发生于髓外硬膜下;4例发生于髓内;腰椎及其以下24例。

3.3.2 X线表现

       椎管内表皮样囊肿患者脊椎X线检查难以直接显示病变的存在;但是可以观察病变部位骨性椎管扩大等继发性表现;同时可以观察先天性病变伴随的发育性骨质异常,如脊柱裂、半椎体、融椎畸形、骨性脊髓纵裂等。

3.3.3 MRI表现

       表皮样囊肿MRI信号改变主要依赖于病变内的物质成分,因病变内成分混杂,因此其信号强度变化多样。囊内容物大致信号改变为T1WI低信号,T2WI高信号,且信号多不均匀;T1WI内可见等信号或高信号,T2WI内可见等低信号;病变周围为完整包膜,边缘清楚,各序列呈等信号。增强扫描,多数病变内容物无明显强化,部分病变可见周边线状强化,可能与病变边缘的反应性炎症有关[17]。本组病例病变大多数呈混杂信号,且存在T1WI、T2WI呈等高信号表现;增强扫描病变边缘可见线条状强化,病理证实为反应性炎性改变。本研究所有患者病变内部均未见确切脂肪信号,但是病变周围可见线状、条状高信号;并且可见并存的终丝脂肪瘤,椎管内脂肪瘤、合并的骨质发育异常等。

       有研究证实,FLAIR技术在抑制脑脊液信号的同时,可以提高病变区信号强度,对该病诊断有重要价值[21],但是本研究患者均未行该序列检查,对该序列的诊断价值未进行印证。DWI技术在中枢神经系统应用成熟,很多研究已经报道了DWI在颅内梗死、囊肿、肿瘤等病变诊断中的应用价值,并且对其在中枢神经系统表皮样囊肿的诊断也有报道[22,23,24];表皮样囊肿在DWI高b值图像上信号强度高于脑脊液信号,且边缘清楚;ADC图病变信号与脊髓信号相似,这一信号改变提示病变为实性,可以协助与其它囊性病变鉴别[7,17]。近几年,DWI技术在脊柱及椎管内病变应用逐渐增多,但是本研究中的病例时间跨度长,受设备影响,因此均未行DWI检查,这也是本研究的不足之处。依据病变典型信号表现,可以对病变进行准确定位;结合病变周围的终丝脂肪瘤、发育性椎骨骨质异常等表现,做出先天发育性病变诊断不难。

3.4 鉴别诊断

       椎管内髓外硬膜下病变主要包括表皮样囊肿、皮样囊肿、畸胎瘤、脑膜囊肿,蛛网膜囊肿,肠源性囊肿(神经管原肠囊肿),神经纤维瘤、神经鞘瘤、脊膜瘤、室管膜瘤、原始神经外胚层肿瘤等,且在儿童时期以胚胎发育性肿瘤性病变为主。脑膜囊肿、蛛网膜囊肿及肠源性囊肿其组织成分为液性,MRI多表现为长T1、长T2液体样信号,且信号较均匀,边缘清楚,增强扫描无强化;病变呈典型液体信号易于与表皮样囊肿鉴别。肠源性囊肿蛋白质含量比较高时,可表现为T1WI等或高信号,其与T1WI亦可呈等或高信号的非典型表皮样囊肿鉴别困难。神经纤维瘤、神经鞘瘤、脊膜瘤、室管膜瘤、原始神经外胚层肿瘤等为实性成分为主肿瘤,可合并囊性变,病变MRI呈实性肿瘤的信号特点,且增强扫描均可见不同程度的强化,这与表皮样囊肿进行鉴别并不难,尤其是DWI呈高于脑脊液信号的不典型表皮样囊肿,增强检查表现及病变部位对鉴别诊断非常必要[25]。表皮样囊肿主要需要与皮样囊肿及畸胎瘤鉴别。皮样囊肿及畸胎瘤在MRI多呈混杂信号,T1WI以脂样物略高信号为主,间以斑片状高信号(脂肪)及等信号部分,畸胎瘤还可见极低骨信号。畸胎瘤及皮样囊肿的脂肪信号多位于病变内,表皮样囊肿周围可见与其相连的脂肪信号,而病变内极少见到脂肪信号,这一特点可能利于两者的鉴别诊断;此外,表皮样囊肿内的T1WI高信号在脂肪抑制序列不被抑制,也利于鉴别诊断。但是,对于病变内无高信号脂肪的皮样囊肿与表皮样囊肿鉴别困难。畸胎瘤内骨性成分形成的低信号改变,也是畸胎瘤与表皮样囊肿的重要鉴别点。MRI多序列扫描,尤其是脂肪抑制技术及DWI在骨关节系统应用,对疾病的诊断及鉴别诊断提供了更多有价值的信息。

       总之,MRI检查对椎管内表皮样囊肿的病变、周围结构改变及伴发疾病均可以较好显示,对该病具有重要的诊断价值。

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