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眼眶肿瘤及肿瘤样病变MR诊断
王振常 李书玲

王振常,李书玲.眼眶肿瘤及肿瘤样病变MR诊断.磁共振成像, 2011, 2(2): 135-146. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.02.012.


[摘要] 眼眶肿瘤及肿瘤样病变组织学类型多种多样,MR影像学诊断敏感性高,定位诊断准确,定性诊断有较高特异性。本文总结出MR检查技术要点,对常见肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的常见部位、信号特征进行了对比分析,旨在进一步提高认识及影像学诊断水平。
[Abstract] The histologic types of orbital tumors and tumor-like lesions are diverse. The MR imaging could provide rich information about size, location or histologic characteristic, so has high specificity and sensitivity. In order to improve the diagnostic ability further, this paper summarized the key points of scanning parameters and the predominant features of some tumors and tumor-like diseases which frequently seen in clinical practice.
[关键词] 眼眶;眼眶肿瘤;肿瘤样病变;磁共振成像
[Keywords] Orbit;Orbital neoplasms;Tumor-like lesions;Magnetic resonance imaging

王振常* 首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院医学影像中心,100730

李书玲 首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院医学影像中心,100730

通讯作者:王振常,E-mail: cjr.wzhch@vip.163.com


第一作者简介:
        王振常(1964-),男,博士,教授,主任医师,博士生导师。研究方向:头颈部影像学。E-mail: cjr.wzhch@vip.163.com

收稿日期:2010-11-24
接受日期:2011-02-24
中图分类号:R445.2; R739.72 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.02.012
王振常,李书玲.眼眶肿瘤及肿瘤样病变MR诊断.磁共振成像, 2011, 2(2): 135-146. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2011.02.012.

       眼眶肿瘤及肿瘤样病变组织学类型多种多样[1],影像学检查对病变定位、定量诊断明确。由于MR信号特点对定性诊断有一定特异性,所以MR检查技术对诊断意义重大[2]。掌握MR检查技术要点及常见病变的信号特点可大大提高诊断准确率。

1 眼眶肿瘤及肿瘤样病变MR检查技术要点

1.1 线圈

       眶部病变一般选择相控阵颅脑线圈,球内病变须用眼球表面线圈。

1.2 方位

       为明确眼眶内病变与邻近结构的关系,应采用多方位成像。横断面、冠状面及平行于视神经的斜矢状面结合有利于病变空间定位。

1.3 预防眼球运动伪影

       保持眼球不动是扫描成功的关键,建议闭目、凝视正前方。横轴位、冠状位相位编码以左右为佳,斜矢状位相位编码以后前为佳,扫描野以眼眶为中心。

1.4 颈部加压扫描

       可疑眶内血管畸形、尤其是静脉曲张时,应采取颈部加压前、后对比扫描,以显示病变随眶内压力变化情况,便于明确诊断。

1.5 脂肪抑制技术

       脂肪抑制序列对眼眶肿瘤及肿瘤样病变诊断必不可少。具体表现在:①可有效抑制运动和磁化率伪影,消除眶内大量脂肪产生的化学位移伪影;②对病变形态、大小及其与周围组织结构关系的显示更准确、清晰,提高较小病变检出率,从而提高诊断敏感性与准确性;③辅助眶内病变成分的鉴别,如眶内皮样囊肿等含脂类病变,脂肪抑制后脂性部分呈低信号。

1.6 动态增强扫描

       有助于眼眶肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的定性诊断。一方面可显示病变动态强化模式,同时依据对比剂在不同时段动态增强的强化率值,可描绘出动脉曲线,根据曲线类型可大致确定其性质[3]。例如:炎性病变的强化模式是快进快出,属于流出型曲线。海绵状血管瘤强化呈"以点代面、渐进性强化"模式,属于持续上升型曲线。

1.7 磁共振扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging, DWI)

       DWI在中枢神经系统,尤其在缺血性脑梗死以及肿瘤性病变的诊断和鉴别诊断经验为眼眶肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的应用提供了思路。研究表明,ADC值在不同组织学类型的眼眶肿瘤及肿瘤样病变间具有明显统计学差异[4],但目前缺乏大宗病例的统计学研究,在临床有广阔的研究前景。

1.8 磁共振波谱(magnetic resonance spectroscopy, MRS)

       质子磁共振波谱属于磁共振波谱的一种类型,通过检测不同肿瘤中代谢物的变化,用于眼眶肿瘤的诊断、鉴别诊断、病理分级及治疗效果评价等[5]。作为一种新的研究方法可用于眼眶肿瘤的生化代谢分析,为MR影像诊断提供定量分析依据

2 MR诊断步骤及常见异常征象分析

2.1 定位

       准确定位有利于定性。确定病变具体位置,如眼睑、眼球、眼外肌、肌锥内、外间隙、骨膜下间隙、视神经、泪腺窝,泪囊窝等。

2.2 定量

       即明确病变的大小、数目及范围,尤其注意周围结构(颅内、鼻腔与鼻窦、翼腭窝等)的受累情况。

2.3 定性

       眼眶肿瘤及肿瘤样病变组织学类型繁多,形态学表现多样,确切定性有时很困难,结合眼眶CT观察邻近骨质改变有时对定性诊断帮助较大。

2.4 常见异常征象分析

       (1)长T1、长T2信号:见于脉管性病变,如海绵状血管瘤、海绵状淋巴管瘤、淋巴管瘤、毛细血管瘤和静脉曲张等。

       (2)等T1、稍长T2信号:见于神经鞘瘤或泪腺混合瘤。

       (3)短T1、长T2信号:见于皮样囊肿、淋巴管瘤伴亚急性出血等。脂肪抑制序列有利于鉴别诊断。

       (4)等T1、等T2信号:见于炎性假瘤、淋巴增生性病变(含淋巴瘤)、横纹肌肉瘤和鼻咽癌侵犯眼眶等。

       (5)弥漫性不规则病变:见于炎性假瘤、淋巴瘤、淋巴管瘤、神经纤维瘤病、横纹肌肉瘤及其它恶性肿瘤等。

       (6)伴眶壁骨髓腔异常信号及强化:见于转移瘤、绿色瘤等。

3 常见眼眶肿瘤及瘤样病变的MR诊断及鉴别要点

       眶内组织结构起自3个胚层,任何胚层组织均可发生肿瘤,周围结构肿瘤可蔓延至眼眶,远处其它部位肿瘤可转移至眼眶,所以眼眶肿瘤及肿瘤样病变组织学类型繁多,有报道达100余种。其分类因地区、标准及专业不同而异。本文就不同部位的常见肿瘤及肿瘤样病变诊断及鉴别要点简述如下:

3.1 泪腺区

       常见于泪腺癌、混合瘤、淋巴瘤等。泪腺癌多沿眶外壁向眶尖生长,边缘不规则呈结节状或锯齿状,多伴有邻近眶壁骨质"虫蚀"样或广泛破坏,易侵及颅内、颞窝及鼻窦(图1)。混合瘤多发生于泪腺眶部、类圆形或椭圆形,边缘光滑或有分叶,后缘圆钝,中心可囊变,增强后呈中度-明显均匀强化,囊变区无强化,邻近眶壁骨质受压变形,病程较长时邻近骨质增生肥厚(图2)。淋巴瘤表现为眶部、睑部弥漫性肿大,沿眼球及眶外壁塑形生长,呈等T1等或稍短T2信号并轻-中度均匀强化,可伴有邻近骨质吸收、破坏(图3)。

图1  右侧泪腺癌。病变呈等T1稍长T2信号并明显强化,发生于泪腺眶部,沿眶外壁向后生长,邻近眶壁骨质欠规整
Figure 1  Right lacrymal gland cancer. The lesion shows equal T1 and slight long T2 signal, and marked enhancement. It arises from pars orbitalis glandulae lacrimalis, growth backwards along the lateral orbital wall, and the adjacent orbital wall is irregularly.
图2  左侧泪腺混合瘤。发生于左侧泪腺眶部、类圆形、边界清晰,后缘圆钝,信号欠均匀并明显强化
Figure 2  Left lacrimal gland mixed tumor. The lesion arises from left glandulae lacrimalis pars orbitalis, round and sharp margin, posterior border is obtuse. The signal is asymmetrical and marked enhancement.
图3  右侧泪腺淋巴瘤。病变累及泪腺眶部和睑部,等T1等T2信号,轻度强化,沿眶壁塑形生长
Figure 3  Right lacrimal gland lymphoma. The lesion involved glandula lacrimalis pars orbitalis and pars palpebralis, shows equal T1 and equal T2 signal, slight enhancement, and moulding grow along the orbital lateral wall.

3.2 视神经及其鞘膜

       常见于胶质瘤、脑膜瘤、转移瘤等。视神经胶质瘤表现为视神经迂曲、增粗,呈梭形、管状或球状,边缘清楚,长T1、长T2信号,可囊变,轻度至明显强化[6]图4)。可累及视神经的各段、视交叉、视束、下丘脑等。成人患者病变范围较大、进展快,预后较差。

       视神经鞘脑膜瘤多发生于中年女性。呈等或长T1、等或稍长或稍短T2信号,明显强化,可见"双轨征",瘤内可有流空血管影,通过视神经管可累及前、中颅底、海绵窦等(图5)。

       视神经转移瘤诊断需要密切结合临床既往全身恶性肿瘤史(图6)。

图4  右侧视神经胶质瘤。右眶内梭形软组织肿块,稍长T1长T2信号,并明显强化,累及视神经眶内段、管内段、颅内段
Figure 4  Right optic nerve glioma. The lesion shows fusiform shape soft mass, slight long T1 and long T2 signal, and marked enhancement, involved the orbital, canal and cranial segment of optic nerve.
图5  左侧视神经鞘脑膜瘤。左侧眶内肿块呈等T1等T2信号,明显均匀强化视神经眶内段被包绕,形成"双轨征",通过视神经管后在颅内反折累及前、中颅底及鞍结节脑膜,不累及视交叉
Figure 5  Left optic nerve sheaths meningioma. Left orbital mass shows equal T1 and equal T2 signal, marked and symmetrical enhancement. Optic nerve orbital、cranial segment is encased, shows "double track sign", but not involved the optic chiasma. It passes optic canal and involved the anterior, middle skull base, tuberculum sellae meninges.
图6  乳腺癌术后右侧视神经转移瘤右侧视神经增粗呈等T1等T2信号,明显强化,累及右侧视神经管内段、颅内段
Figure 6  Right optic nerve metastatic tumor afteroperation of breast carcinoma. Right optic nerve thicken, shows equal T1 and equal T2 signal, and marked enhancement, involved canal and cranial segment of optic nerve.

3.3 肌锥内间隙

       病变组织学成分多样。常见包括海绵状血管瘤、神经鞘瘤、孤立性纤维瘤、淋巴瘤等。

       海绵状血管瘤MR表现有一定特征[7,8]呈等或长T1、长T2信号,信号均匀、边缘光滑,动态增强扫描呈"以点代面的、渐进性强化"(图7)。神经鞘瘤信号多不均匀、呈明显不均匀强化(图8)。孤立性纤维瘤呈等T1、等-短T2信号,不均匀,内可见更长T2信号囊变区,圆形,边界清楚,并明显均匀/不均匀强化,动态增强曲线呈快进快出型,部分与颈内动脉增强曲线一致(图9)。

图7  左侧眼眶海绵状血管瘤。左侧眶内软组织肿块稍长T1长T2信号,呈明显不均匀强化前缘可见线状低信号,边界清晰、边缘光滑。动态增强扫描示病变呈以点代面的渐进性强化
Figure 7  Left orbital cavernous hemangioma. Left orbital soft mass shows slight long T1and long T2 signal, marked and asymmetrical enhancement, its anterior border shows linar short T2 signal, sharpness and smooth of border. Dynamic contrast enhancement shows from point to area progressive enhancement.
图8  左侧眼眶内神经鞘瘤位于肌锥内间隙,圆形、等T1不均匀长T2信号,明显不均匀强化,边界清晰
Figure 8  left orbital schwannoma. The lesion locate intraconal space, round, shows equal T1 and asymmetrical long T2 signal, and marked asymmetrical enhancement, sharp margin.
图9  左侧眼眶孤立性纤维瘤。左侧眼眶视神经颞上方肌锥内间隙椭圆形肿块,等T1等T2信号,明显强化,动态曲线呈快速、明显强化
Figure 9  Left orbit isolated fibroma. Left orbit oval shap mass located superior-lateral of optic nerve, shows equal T1 and equal T2 signal with marked enhancement. Dynamic curve shows rapid and marked enhancement.

3.4 肌锥外间隙

       常见于皮样/表皮样囊肿、神经源性肿瘤、扁平肥厚型脑膜瘤、骨膜下血肿/脓肿、组织细胞增生症、淋巴瘤、转移瘤、绿色瘤等。

       皮样/表皮样囊肿多位于骨缝连接处,呈长/短T1、长T2信号、边缘光滑,边界清晰无强化,邻近骨质受压变形(图10)。肌锥外神经源性肿瘤可见于神经纤维瘤病,范围弥漫、常伴眶骨畸形(图11)。扁平肥厚型脑膜瘤(图12)起自眶骨膜,表现为骨膜下薄层等T1、等长T2信号、明显强化,邻近骨质肥厚、毛糙。骨膜下血肿/脓肿(图13)以宽基底与邻近眶壁相连,边缘清晰、锐利,不强化,信号特点随出血时期不同而异,骨膜下脓肿可呈环状强化。组织细胞增生症(图14)主要见于儿童,呈长T1长T2信号,中度-明显强化,邻近溶骨性骨质破坏、边缘清晰、锐利。淋巴瘤以等T1、等T2信号、轻-中度强化为特点,可多发病灶。转移瘤(图15)/粒细胞肉瘤(图16)呈长T1、长T2信号,明显强化,伴骨髓信号异常并强化,结合临床恶性肿瘤病史及实验室检查有助于明确诊断。

图10  右侧眼眶外壁皮样囊肿。位于蝶额缝周围,呈混杂T1混杂T2信号,增强后脂肪抑制序列呈低信号,未见明确强化,邻近骨质受压变形,边缘硬化
Figure 10  Right orbital lateral wall dermoid cyst. The mass around sutura sphenofrontalis, shows mixed T1 and T2 signal without enhancement, adjacent sclerotin compression, border sclerosis.
图11  神经纤维瘤病I型累及右侧眼眶。右侧眶壁变形,软组织病变范围广泛,累及眼眶、睑面部软组织,呈等T1不均匀长T2信号并明显强化
Figure 11  Type I neuroinomatosis involved right orbit. Right orbit deformities, soft lesion is extensive, involved palpebrae and face, shows equal T1 and asymmetrical long T2 signal with marked enhancement.
图12  左侧蝶骨大翼扁平肥厚型脑膜瘤。左侧蝶骨大翼骨质肥厚、边缘毛糙不整,邻近眶面、颅内面覆盖薄层等T1等T2软组织信号,并明显强化,颅内病变边缘见脑膜尾征
Figure 12  Left greater wing of sphenoid bone en plaque meningioma. Left greater wing of sphenoid bone hypertrophy、the border coarse and irregular, adjacent orbit and intracalvarium covered en plaque equal T1 and equal T2 signal with marked enhancement. Intracalvarium shows "meninges tail sign".
图13  右侧眼眶上壁眶骨膜下血肿。病变以宽基底附着于眼眶上壁,呈短T1短T2信号,同时累及右额部,并右额部硬膜下血肿
Figure 13  Right roof of orbit subperiosteal hematoma. The lesion attached roof of orbit with broad basis, shows short T1 and short T2 signal, simultaneous shows right frontal subdural hematoma.
图14  左侧眼眶组织细胞增生症。病变以左眶外壁为中心,局部骨质缺损代以等T1稍长T2信号,中度强化、边缘毛糙不整
Figure 14  Left orbit histocytosis. Left orbit lateral wall partly deossification, replace of equal T1 and slight long T2 signal with moderate enhancement, the border is coarse and irregular.
图15  左侧眼眶肠型腺癌转移瘤。左侧眼眶外壁溶骨性骨质破坏,代以长T1不均匀长T2信号,并不均匀强化,累及中颅窝,邻近颧骨眶突骨髓腔信号异常并强化
Figure 15  Left orbit metastasisof intestinal type Adenocarcinoma. Left orbital lateral wall osteolytic destruction of bone, instead of long T1 and asymmetrical long T2 signal with asymmetrical enhancement, involved middle cranial fossa, adjacent orbital process of zygomatic bone shows abnormal signal and enhancement.
图16  左侧眼眶粒细胞肉瘤。眶内病变呈长T1等T2信号并明显强化,颅底骨髓腔信号弥漫性异常并广泛强化,累及双侧中耳乳突区
Figure 16  Left orbit granulocytic sarcoma. Left orbital lesion shows long T1 and equal T2 signal with marked enhancement. Basion shows diffuse abnormal signal with enhancement, involed bilateral middle ear and mastoid region.

3.5 累及肌锥内、外间隙的病变

       常见于淋巴管瘤、静脉曲张、炎性假瘤、淋巴瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、转移瘤、绿色瘤等。

       淋巴管瘤和静脉曲张属脉管性病变,淋巴管瘤(图17)常伴有不同时期出血、信号混杂,呈明显不均匀强化或不强化。眼眶静脉曲张(图18)信号多混杂,以颈部加压后病变体积显著增大为突出表现。炎性假瘤(图19)范围较弥漫,呈等长T1、等长或短T2信号,边界模糊并中度强化,以淋巴细胞浸润为主的炎性假瘤有时与淋巴瘤鉴别困难。横纹肌肉瘤(图20)多见于儿童和青少年,呈等T1稍长T2信号,中度强化,病情进展快。转移瘤/绿色瘤可同时累及肌锥内、外间隙,以骨髓腔受累明显为特点。

图17  左侧眼眶淋巴管瘤合并出血。病变不规则,累及肌锥内外间隙,呈混杂T1混杂T2信号,其间可见多发液-液平面,并不均匀强化
Figure 17  Left orbit lymphangioma with hemorrhage. The lesion is irregular, involved intraconal and extraconal space, shows mixed T1 and mixed T2 signal with asymmetrical enhancement, inside shows multi fluid level.
图18  右侧眼眶静脉曲张。病变累及肌锥内外间隙,呈等T1等短T2信号、C图为颈部加压后病变较加压前B图明显增大,累及肌锥内外间隙,并明显不均匀强化
Figure 18  Right orbital varix. The lesion involved intraconal and extraconal space, shows equal T1 and equal/short T2 signal with marked asymmetrical enhancement. The lesion enlargement after neck pressure.
图19  右侧眼眶炎性假瘤。病变累及内直肌,呈等T1稍短T2信号,明显强化,周围脂肪间隙模糊不清,其间可见斑片状囊变区
Figure 19  Right orbital inflammatory pseudotumor. The lesion located orbital nasal side,involved medial rectus, shows equal T1 and slight short T2 signal with marked enhancement and part follicle, surrounding fat space is obscure.
图20  右侧眼眶横纹肌肉瘤。病变累及肌锥内外间隙,呈等T1稍长T2信号、中度均匀强化
Figure 20  Right orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. The lesion involved intraconal and extraconal space, shows equal T1 and slight long T2 signal, miderate even enhancement.

3.6 鼻眶沟通性病变

       该病常见于黏液囊肿、淋巴瘤、鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤等。

       鼻眶沟通性病变以鼻窦/鼻腔病变累及眼眶居多。最常见良性病变为黏液囊肿(图21),膨胀性生长、邻近骨质受压变形、吸收,信号多变,不强化。鼻眶沟通性淋巴瘤以B细胞型淋巴瘤多见,邻近骨质破坏,以等T1等T2信号为主,轻-中度强化(图22)。其它鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤表现为鼻眶沟通软组织肿块,邻近骨质破坏,因组织学类型不同信号而异。

图21  左侧筛窦黏液囊肿。病变主体位于左侧前组筛窦,呈圆形等T1长T2信号,累及左侧眼眶,病变边界清晰无强化,邻近筛骨纸板受压变形,后组筛窦可见阻塞性炎症呈稍短T1长T2信号
Figure 21  Left ethmoid sinus mucocele. It located anterior left ethmoid sinus, shows round、equal T1 and long T2signal without enhancement, sharp margin, adjacent lamina erbitalis compression. Posterior ethmoid sinus obliterative inflammation shows slight short T1 and long T2 signal.
图22  左侧鼻眶沟通弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤。病变占据左侧筛窦、眼眶鼻侧,邻近筛骨纸板溶骨性吸收破坏;呈等T1略长T2信号、边界清晰;轻度强化
Figure 22  Left nasal-orbital diffuse megalo B cell lymphoma. The lesion occupied left ethmoid sinus and nasal side of orbit, shows equal T1 and slight long T2 signal with mild enhancement, clear margin, adjacent lamina erbitalis osteolytic absorption.

3.7 颅眶沟通性病变

       该病变沟通颅眶的途径包括眶上裂、视神经管。

       通过视神经管沟通颅眶病变:包括视神经胶质瘤、视神经鞘脑膜瘤。视神经胶质瘤可累及视神经各段、视交叉和视束;视神经鞘脑膜瘤在颅内部分不累及视交叉,越过视神经管后在颅内主要累及前、中颅底脑膜。

       通过眶上裂沟通颅眶病变包括扁平肥厚型脑膜瘤、神经源性肿瘤及脉管性病变。扁平肥厚型脑膜瘤常以蝶骨大翼为中心同时累及眼眶、中颅窝,呈弥漫性等T1等T2信号、明显强化,蝶骨大翼肥厚、毛糙并强化[9]。神经源性肿瘤和脉管性病变信号特征不明确,动态增强有助于两者鉴别,神经源性病变动态曲线呈持续上升、或平台型,脉管性病变以快进流出型多见。

       尽管部分眶内肿瘤及肿瘤样病变MR信号特点、发病部位有一定特征,然而由于病变组织学类型多种多样,仍有很多眼眶组织学类型,尤其是间叶组织来源肿瘤(图23)MR诊断要点有待进一步总结、归纳。

图23  左侧眼眶软骨肉瘤。眶内混杂信号软组织肿块,等T1混杂T2信号、中央可见环形短T2信号,不均匀强化。CT可见不规则钙化
Figure 23  Left orbital chondrosarcoma. The mass shows mixed signal, equal T1 and mixed T2 signal, center shows ring-shaped short T2 signal with asymmetrical enhancement. CT shows irregular calcification.

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