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临床研究
鼻、眶髓外浆细胞瘤的MRI诊断
李书玲 王振常

李书玲,王振常.鼻、眶髓外浆细胞瘤的MRI诊断.磁共振成像,2012,3(5): 352-354. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2012.05.007.


[摘要] 目的 总结鼻腔鼻窦、眼眶髓外浆细胞瘤的MRI表现,提高影像诊断水平。材料与方法 经手术病理证实的鼻腔鼻窦及眼眶原发浆细胞瘤4例。回顾性分析其MRI及CT表现。结果 肿瘤位于蝶窦1例、鼻腔上颌窦1例,颅鼻眶沟通1例,眶内1例。MRI平扫肿瘤均呈等T1、等T2信号,增强后呈中度明显强化,2例同时行动态增强扫描,动态曲线呈速升-缓降型1例、速升-速降型1例。3例同时行CT检查,肿瘤邻近骨质均可见溶骨性骨质破坏。结论 鼻腔、鼻窦及眼眶髓外浆细胞瘤的MRI表现有一定特征,但缺乏特异性。术前MRI可明确显示病变范围,有利于治疗方案的选择和预后评估。
[Abstract] Objective: To study the MRI findings of extramedullary plasmacytoma in the sinonasal and orbit.Materials and Methods: The MRI and CT findings of 4 patients with extramedullary plasmacytoma in sinonasal and orbit were retrospectively reviewed. All cases were proved by pathology.Results: The tumor mainly occurred in sphenoid sinus in 1 case, in maxillary sinus and nasal cavity in 1 case, in orbital 1 case, cranium, nasal and orbital were involved 1 case. On MRI, the tumors were usually isointensity on T1WI and T2WI. After administration of contrast medium, the tumors showed midrange or strongly enhancement. Among 2 cases dynamic contrast MRI, dynamic contrast curve showed rapid ascend and slow descend 1 case, rapid ascend and rapid descend 1 case. On CT of 3 cases, showed osteolytic bone destruction adjacent to the tumors.Conclusion: The MRI findings of extramedullary plasmacytoma in sinonasal and orbit are characteristic, but lack of specificity. The final diagnosis depend on the pathology. MRI is helpful in demonstrating the invaded extent of the lesions and can provide more comprehensive information in diagnosis and therapy of the tumor.
[关键词] 浆细胞瘤;眶肿瘤;鼻肿瘤;磁共振成像;体层摄影术,X线计算机
[Keywords] Plasmacytoma;Orbital neoplasms;Nose neoplasms;Magnetic resonance imaging;Tomography, X-ray computed

李书玲 首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院影像中心,北京 100730

王振常* 首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院影像中心,北京 100730

通讯作者:王振常,E-mail:cjr.wzhch@vip.163.com


基金项目: 北京市卫生系统高层次卫生技术人才基金 编号:2011-2-10
收稿日期:2012-06-26
接受日期:2012-08-20
中图分类号:R445.2; R684.3 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2012.05.007
李书玲,王振常.鼻、眶髓外浆细胞瘤的MRI诊断.磁共振成像,2012,3(5): 352-354. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2012.05.007.

       浆细胞瘤是一组疾病,包括多发性骨髓瘤、孤立性浆细胞瘤和髓外浆细胞瘤(extramedullary plasmacytoma, EMP)。髓外浆细胞瘤是一种发病率极低的恶性肿瘤,约占浆细胞肿瘤的4%左右[1],可发生于全身任何髓外的组织和器官,其中80%发生于头颈部,尤以上呼吸道黏膜(如鼻腔、鼻窦及鼻咽部)多见。鉴于其发病率极低,文献报道较少,笔者回顾性分析经病理证实的4例鼻、眶髓外浆细胞瘤的MRI表现,以提高诊断水平。

1 材料与方法

1.1 临床资料

       2011年1月至2011年12月经本院手术病理证实为鼻、眶髓外浆细胞瘤患者共4例,男2例,女2例,年龄46~88岁,中位年龄62岁。术前均无多发性骨髓瘤病史,1例随访8个月后发展为多发性骨髓瘤。

1.2 检查方法

       使用GE Signa 1.5 T或3.0 T超导型MR仪。4例均经MRI平扫及增强扫描,其中行动态增强扫描2例,平扫包括常规T1WI、T2WI,至少针对相应部位行2个方位扫描,增强后应用T1WI横断面、冠状面、矢状面扫描,其中至少一个方位应用脂肪抑制序列。MR对比剂应用Gd-DTPA,按照0.2 mg/kg剂量经肘静脉注射。同时行多层螺旋CT检查3例,分别行高分辨骨窗和软组织窗重建。

2 结果

2.1 病变部位

       蝶窦1例,右侧鼻腔及上颌窦1例,眼眶1例,左侧颅鼻眶沟通性病变1例。4例鼻、眶髓外浆细胞瘤的MRI和CT表现见图1

图1  左侧颅鼻眶沟通性髓外将细胞瘤。A:MR横断面T2WI示病变呈均匀等信号;B:MR冠状面T1WI示病变以等信号为主,信号欠均匀,累及左侧眼眶、筛窦及前颅底;C:增强后冠状面T1WI示病变不均匀强化,前颅底脑膜增厚、强化;D:冠状面CT骨算法重建示邻近左侧眼眶内壁、前颅底骨质溶骨性骨质破坏,边缘毛糙;E:图内1、2为MRI动态增强的ROI;F:2个ROI动态增强曲线示均呈速升-速降型
Fig. 1  The left cranium nose and orbital communicated extramedullary plasmacytoma. Axial T2WI shows the lesion is uniform isointensity (A). Coronal T1WI shows inhomogeneous isointensity, involved left orbital, ethmoid and anterior cranial fossa (B). Postcontrast coronal T1WI shows uneven enhancement, meninges of the anterior fossa thicken and enhancement (C). Coronal CT shows osteolytic destruction of the left orbital and anterior fossa bone with coarse rim (D). 1 and 2 was showed the region of interest (E). Both of the dynamic contrast curve showed rapid ascend and rapid descend (F).

2.2 MRI信号特点

       4例MRI平扫T1WI均呈均匀等信号;T2WI均以等信号为主,其中3例信号均匀,1例病变内可见高信号分隔;增强后呈中度强化3例,明显不均匀强化1例。2例同时行动态增强扫描,动态增强曲线呈速升-缓降型1例,速升-速降型1例。

2.3 CT表现

       3例CT检查骨窗均显示病变邻近骨质呈溶骨性骨质破坏,边缘毛糙不整;软组织窗3例均显示病变呈等密度软组织肿块、未见钙化。

3 讨论

3.1 浆细胞瘤概述

       髓外浆细胞瘤是指来源于B淋巴细胞、原发于骨髓造血组织以外的浆细胞肿瘤,表现为浆细胞的单克隆增殖。多见于上呼吸道,以鼻腔、鼻窦、鼻咽部多见,也可见于舌、腭部、扁桃体、腮腺、颌下腺、下颌骨、眼眶、眼结膜、喉、甲状腺及皮肤等器官。男女之比约为3∶1,可发生于任何年龄,但大多集中于50~70岁之间。本组病例有3例累及鼻腔、鼻窦,2例累及眼眶,发病中位年龄62岁,与文献报道相近[2,3,4,5,6]

3.2 头颈部浆细胞瘤的MRI表现与鉴别诊断

       髓外浆细胞瘤的病理特征由单一的肿瘤性浆细胞组成,但浆细胞分化程度存在明显差异,可见一定量成熟或接近成熟的浆细胞及向成熟浆细胞过渡的不成熟浆细胞[3]。头颈部髓外浆细胞瘤的影像学表现文献报道较少,笔者总结其影像学特点:(1)局部软组织肿块显著,与邻近组织分界清晰;(2) MRI平扫信号较均匀,以等T1、等T2信号为主,增强后呈中度-明显强化,强化后信号均匀或不均匀[4,5,6,7]。动态增强曲线示对比剂快速流入后,流出明显;(3)发生于眼眶内病变范围可以相对弥漫,可以包绕眼球生长,并累及球结膜;(4) CT提示邻近骨质溶骨性骨质破坏。

       鉴于髓外浆细胞瘤表现为MR等T1、等T2信号特点,需要与相应部位的非霍奇金淋巴瘤、鳞癌等疾病鉴别。非霍奇金淋巴瘤:(1)发生于鼻腔、鼻窦者易累及鼻前庭、鼻翼、鼻背及邻近面部软组织;发生于眼眶易累及睑面部软组织;(2)病变呈等T1、等T2信号,信号均匀;增强后呈轻到中度均匀强化;(3)CT表现:肿瘤较小时无骨质破坏,肿瘤较大时可见由于骨质重塑变形和骨质侵蚀形成的骨质破坏,一般无溶骨性骨质破坏。鼻腔、鼻窦鳞癌:(1)最多发生于上颌窦,其次是筛窦、鼻腔;(2) T1WI等信号,T2WI等信号或低信号,肿瘤较大时有坏死区,为长T1、长T2信号,增强扫描后呈轻或中度不均匀强化,坏死液化区不强化;(3) CT示窦腔扩大,邻近溶骨性骨质破坏明显。

       总之,鼻腔、鼻窦、眼眶髓外浆细胞瘤MRI表现有一定特征,即等T1、等T2信号,中度强化,并邻近骨质溶骨性破坏;但其影像学表现尚缺乏特异性,最终确诊有赖于病理学检查。MRI检查可明确显示病变范围,充分了解病变与周围组织关系,对指导临床治疗方案选择和预后评估意义重大。

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