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T1WI颅内高信号分析
钱银锋 张婧婧 余永强

钱银锋,张婧婧,余永强. T1WI颅内高信号分析.磁共振成像,2013,4(2): 137-145. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2013.02.013.


[摘要] 多种原因可导致T1WI上颅内出现高信号,包括垂体后叶、脂肪、高铁血红蛋白、黑色素、矿物质、蛋白质等,该文总结分析其相关的临床和影像学特征。
[Abstract] Various situations are resopsible for the intracranial hyperintense on T1-weighted images, such as posterior pituitary lobe, fat, methemoglobin, melanin, protein and miner. This article reviews the clinical knowledge and MR imaging characteristics of these normal organizations and lesions.
[关键词] 脑;磁共振成像
[Keywords] Brain;Magnetic resonance imaging

钱银锋 安徽医科大学第一附属医院放射科,合肥 230022

张婧婧 安徽医科大学第一附属医院放射科,合肥 230022

余永强* 安徽医科大学第一附属医院放射科,合肥 230022

通讯作者:余永强,E-mail:yuyongqiang@hotmail.com


收稿日期:2012-12-28
接受日期:2013-01-29
中图分类号:R445.2; R742 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2013.02.013
钱银锋,张婧婧,余永强. T1WI颅内高信号分析.磁共振成像,2013,4(2): 137-145. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2013.02.013.

       同正常脑组织相比,多数颅内病变的含水量增加,因此在T1WI上呈低信号、T2WI上呈高信号。但有些病理成分在T1WI上呈高信号,如血肿、脂肪、黑色素等,仔细分析这些信号的表现,有助于这类疾病的诊断。笔者就T1WI上呈高信号的颅内正常组织和常见病变作一介绍。梯度回波(gradient echo,GRE)序列T1WI和颅骨不在本文讨论之内。

1 T1WI上表现为高信号的正常颅内组织

       正常颅内结构中,在T1WI上呈高信号者包括:垂体后叶、基底节钙化、层面内血管、流入相关增强。

1.1 垂体后叶

       正常垂体后叶位于垂体后部、鞍背前方,呈边界清楚的圆形、椭圆形或新月形,绝大多数成人垂体后叶在T1WI上呈高信号(图1),与其内存储的抗利尿激素(antidiuretic hormone,ADH)有关[1]。需要注意避免将高信号的鞍背误为垂体后叶。在新生儿,由于垂体内泌乳细胞肥大和蛋白质合成增加,整个垂体在T1WI上呈均匀性高信号(图2);2个月时垂体前叶信号强度开始下降,至4~6个月时,信号强度接近成人。

图1  正常垂体后叶呈高信号(箭)
图2  出生后1周,垂体呈均匀高信号
图3  双侧豆状核钙化,呈对称性高信号(箭)
图4  层面内血管,双侧外侧裂内见数条血管影(箭),在T1WI (A)呈高信号,在T2WI(B)呈流空信号
图5  上矢状窦的流入相关增强。自上而下的3个连续层面,在前2个层面(A、B)内上矢状窦呈高信号(箭),在第三个层面内大部分为低信号
图6  大脑镰骨化,呈断续条状高信号(箭)
图7  出生后2周,双侧内囊呈对称性高信号
图8  脂肪瘤。矢状面T1WI (A)示肿瘤位于胼胝体上方,呈高信号,信号均匀,于压脂像(B)呈低信号
Fig. 1  Sagittal T1W image shows hyperintense in normal posterior pituitary lobe (arrow).
Fig. 2  Sagittal T1W image shows homogenous hyperintense in normal whole pituitary in 1 week newborn.
Fig. 3  Axial T1W image shows bilateral symmetry hyperintense in lentiform nucleus (arrows).
Fig. 4  Normal vessels in slice (arrow). Axial T1W image (A) shows several hyperintense vessels in slice, all of them are flow empty signal on T2W image (B).
Fig. 5  Flow-related enhancement in superior sagittal sinus. Continuous three slices axial T1W images show hyperintense superior sagittal sinus (arrow) on the first (A) and second slice (B), the signal intense decreases on the third slice (C).
Fig. 6  Axial T1W image shows interrupter strip hyperintense of ossified cerebral flax (arrow).
Fig. 7  Axial T1W image shows bilateral internal capsule symmetry hyperintense in 2 weeks newborn.
Fig. 8  Lipoma. A: Sagittal T1W image shows a homogeneous hyperintense mass above the corpus callosum. B: Axial T1W image with fat saturation shows the signal of tumor has been suppressed.

1.2 基底节钙化

       随着年龄的增加,钙盐逐渐在基底节沉着,老年人在CT上呈高密度,但多数在T1WI上并无明显信号改变。当钙盐含量占所沉积核团重量的30%以上时,其表现为缩短T1效应,在T1WI上呈双侧基底节对称性高信号[2],以豆状核为常见(图3)。

1.3 层面内血管

       血管在成像层面内走行时,血管内血液可以受到90°和180°射频脉冲的激发,而产生信号,在一定的血流速度下可在T1WI上呈高信号,由于TE明显延长,这些血管在T2WI呈流空信号(图4)。缺乏相应区梗死的影像和临床表现,是与血管内血栓鉴别的关键点。

1.4 流动相关增强

       T1WI的TR较短,层面内静止组织受第一个90°射频脉冲激发后,纵向弛豫不能完全恢复而被部分饱和,在第二个90°射频脉冲后产生的横向磁化矢量减小;当静脉血流方向与成像层面延续方向一致时,在一定的血流速度条件下,第一个成像层面的静脉内则为流入的新鲜血液,任何90°射频脉冲后均会产生最大的横向磁化矢量,从而表现为高信号;随着成像层面的延续,这种高信号逐渐减弱,一般在3~4个层面内消失(图5)。与层面内血管相同的是,表现为流入相关增强的静脉在T2WI亦为流空信号。

1.5 大脑镰骨化

       随着年龄的增加,部分人的大脑镰出现钙化,少数人则形成骨性结构,CT上呈明显高密度,T1WI上呈与脂肪一致的高信号(图6),抑脂像信号被抑制,呈条状,无占位效应。

1.6 正常髓鞘化白质

       在新生儿和6个月以内的幼儿,灰质和多数没有髓鞘化的白质含水量较丰富,T1WI上呈明显低信号,正常髓鞘化的白质则呈相对高信号,如内囊(图7)、中央沟周围、脑干背侧、小脑等[3]

2 T1WI上呈高信号的病理组织

       一些病理性成分可以缩短T1,明确T1WI上高信号的原因有助于病变诊断;当然,导致此种高信号的原因并不总是能够被确定。了解这些高信号的影像学表现,包括其在T2WI等其他序列上的表现,可以有效的缩小鉴别诊断的范围,甚至可以确诊。

2.1 脂性成分

       包括脂肪和脂滴,可见于脂肪瘤、皮样囊肿、畸胎瘤。

2.1.1 脂肪瘤

       颅内脂肪瘤源于永存原始脑膜的异常分化,多无临床症状,但约55%的患者伴有不同程度的脑发育畸形[4]。一般位于中线,最常见于胼胝体周围,多伴有胼胝体发育不良或缺如。其并非真正的肿瘤,而是脂肪的异常堆积,因此多无明显占位效应,血管可穿行于病灶之中而无受压改变。胼胝体脂肪瘤的边缘可有钙化。病灶与皮下脂肪信号一致,抑脂像呈低信号(图8)。

2.1.2 皮样囊肿

       皮样囊肿源于胚胎外胚层残余组织,包含皮肤及其附属结构,如毛发、皮脂腺等,后者可以分泌脂滴,从而在T1WI上呈高信号。皮样囊肿一般位于旁中线区,常见于鞍旁。囊肿边界清楚,T1WI和T2WI上均呈混杂信号,其中呈高信号的脂滴在抑脂像上信号被抑制,DWI上囊肿呈高信号[5],增强后病灶无强化。皮样囊肿可破裂,导致化学性脑膜炎,表现为明显的头痛,脂滴进入蛛网膜下腔和(或)脑室系统,进入侧脑室时位于其额角,并可见脂液平面,T2WI上于脑脊液脂滴交界处可见化学位移伪影,呈条状低信号(图9)。

图9  皮样囊肿破裂。囊肿位于后颅凹,在T1WI (A)和T2WI (B)上均呈高、低混杂信号,脑沟、脑裂、脑池和右侧脑室前角内见多数高信号脂肪滴(A、C),T2WI (D)上可见化学位移伪影(箭),矢状面压脂T1WI (E)上述高信号病灶信号均被抑制
图10  畸胎瘤。肿瘤位于右侧鞍旁,T1WI (A)呈低信号,内见小片状高信号;T2WI (B)上呈高信号,内见条状低信号,无瘤周水肿;增强后肿瘤呈斑片状和边缘强化(C)
图11  亚急性早期脑内血肿。血肿位于左侧豆状核,T1WI (A)呈高信号,T2WI (B)呈低信号,周围见片状高信号水肿
图12  慢性期脑内血肿。血肿位于左侧额叶,病灶中心在T1WI (A)和T2WI (B)均呈高信号,周围见环状低信号
Fig. 9  Ruptured dermoid cyst. Axial T1WI (A) and T2WI (B) images show a heterogeneously hyperintense mass located in posterior fossa, and numerous punctate high signal foci scattered throughout the subarachnoid space (A, C). Axial T2W image shows chemical shift artifact in anterior horn of right lateral ventricle (arrow, D). Sagittal T1W image with fat saturation shows the signal of lesions had been suppressed (E).
Fig. 10  Right juxtasellar teratoma. Mass is hypointense with patch hyperintense on axial T1W image (A), and is hyperintense with stripe hypointense on T2W image (B), without peritumoral edema. Axial contrast-enhanced T1W image shows patch and periphery enhancement of tumor (C).
Fig. 11  Early subacute brain hematoma. Lesion is located in left lentiform nucleus, and is hyperintense on T1W image (A) and hypointense on T2W image (B), with mild edema.
Fig. 12  Chronic brain hematoma in left frontal lobe. Axial T1W (A) and T2W images (B) show central hyperintense with a hypointense rim.

2.1.3 畸胎瘤

       畸胎瘤由完全分化的内、中、外3个胚层组织构成,其内可见骨、钙化、软组织、囊性成分和脂肪等。肿瘤一般位于中线,常见于鞍上和松果体区。T1WI和T2WI上均呈混杂信号,其中脂肪成分呈高信号,抑脂像呈低信号,增强后肿瘤呈斑片状不均匀强化[6]。肿瘤内强化是畸胎瘤区别于皮样囊肿的影像学关键特征(图10)。

2.2 高铁血红蛋白

       高铁血红蛋白见于出血和血栓形成。

2.2.1 出血

       颅内出血的原因包括高血压脑出血、血管畸形破裂出血、外伤性出血、出血性梗死和肿瘤性出血。出血后,红细胞内的血红蛋白逐渐演变为高铁血红蛋白,后者由于偶极-偶极作用导致T1缩短,但各种原因导致的出血,其所处的环境不同,血红蛋白演变的速度并不一致。

       高血压脑出血一般位于基底节区,由豆纹动脉破裂所致,血肿多呈圆形或类圆形,可破入脑室,量少者血液沉于侧脑室枕角,并可见液-液平面,量多者则形成脑室铸形。T2WI上血肿呈低信号,则红细胞膜尚完整,高铁血红蛋白位于红细胞内,表明血肿处于亚急性早期(图11);反之,T2WI上血肿呈高信号,则红细胞膜破裂,血肿处于亚急性晚期。慢性期血肿,如其内含有高铁血红蛋白,则在T1WI上仍呈高信号,T2WI上周边见含铁血黄素沉积导致的低信号环(图12)。

       硬膜下血肿和硬膜外血肿多由外伤引起,其演变与高血压脑出血相似,轴面上,硬膜下血肿一般呈新月形,可跨越颅缝(图13),而硬膜外血肿则为梭形,不跨越颅缝[7](图14)。硬膜下血肿凝固后产生的牵拉力可导致血管破裂再出血,从而于血肿内形成多个液平。

       血管畸形出血中,最常见的是海绵状血管瘤,多数无症状,单发或多发,T1WI上呈斑片状高信号;T2WI上病灶周边有一完整含铁血黄素的低信号环[2]。无占位效应,除急性出血外,灶周无水肿(图15)。

       外伤性出血包括脑内血肿和脑挫裂伤,位于着力点和(或)对冲部位,前者影像学表现与高血压脑出血相似,后者在T1WI上表现为片状低信号的脑挫伤内斑片状高信号出血(图16),明确的外伤史有助于诊断。脑梗死后血管再通并破裂出血,即形成出血性脑梗死,表现为梗死区内斑片状出血,梗死区呈长T1、长T2信号,DWI上呈高信号;出血在T1WI上呈高信号,T2WI上多为低信号(图17),DWI上呈明显低信号,且由于磁敏感性效应,DWI上显示的低信号范围较T2WI上为大。

       脑内肿瘤出血可见于脑转移瘤和原发性脑肿瘤。脑转移瘤出血常见于肺癌和乳腺癌,可为点状出血灶,亦可为大的实性肿瘤内的出血(图18)。原发肿瘤病史、多发病灶、增强后结节状或环状强化、与病灶大小不成比例的瘤周水肿是脑转移瘤的特点。可引起瘤内出血的原发性脑肿瘤种类较多,包括星形细胞肿瘤(图19)、髓母细胞瘤[8]、幕上原始神经外胚层肿瘤、垂体瘤、室管膜瘤等,其特点为:①出血呈混杂信号,即使出血明显,在T1WI上病灶边缘不会全部为高信号,一般仍可见部分肿瘤实质,呈长T1、长T2信号,增强后呈斑片状强化;②出血破入坏死、囊变区可形成液平;③出血一段时间后,病灶周边低信号的含铁血黄素环缺乏或浅淡、不完整,且仍有占位效应和灶周水肿。据此多可与单纯性出血相鉴别,确定未出血的肿瘤实质的存在是诊断的关键。

图13  硬膜下血肿 血肿位于右侧额顶部,T1WI上呈新月形不均匀高信号
图14  硬膜外血肿 血肿位于左侧额部,T1WI上呈梭形高、等混杂信号
图15  海绵状血管瘤 病灶位于左侧额叶,T1WI(A)呈高、等混杂信号,T2WI(B)呈高信号,周围见环状低信号,无瘤周水肿
图16  脑挫裂伤 T1WI示双侧额叶斑片状高信号血肿,双侧枕部见弧形高信号硬膜下血肿
图17  出血性脑梗死 左侧颞枕叶大面积脑梗死,T1WI(A)呈低信号,T2WI(B)呈高信号,其内散在出血T1WI呈高信号、T2WI呈低信号(箭)
图18  肺癌脑转移 肿瘤位于左侧颞枕叶,右侧半实性部分T1WI(A)呈低信号,增强后不均匀轻、中度强化(B),病灶左侧半见大片状高信号出血
图19  胶质母细胞瘤 肿瘤位于右侧顶叶,肿瘤内出血在T1WI(A)呈高信号,其前部可见肿瘤实质,T1WI呈低信号(箭)、T2WI(B)呈高信号,瘤周见大片状水肿,增强后(C)实质部分不均匀性强化
Fig.13  Subdural hematoma in right frontal and parietal. Lesion is hyperintense and crescent shape on T1W image.
Fig.14  Epidural hematoma in left frontal. Lesion is hyperintense and fusiform shape on T1W image.
Fig.15  Intracranial cavernous malformation in left frontal lobe. Axial T1W image (A) shows a central iso- and hyper-intense lesion, and which is hyperintense on T2W image (B) with a hypointense rim.
Fig.16  Contusion and laceration of brain. Axial T1W image shows patch hyperintense lesions in both frontal lobes which means hemorrhage and hematoma, with subdural hematoma in bilateral occipital.
Fig.17  Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction. Axial T1W image (A) shows hypointense infarction in left temporal and occipital lobe with patch hyperintense hemorrhage(arrow), the infarction lesion is hyperintense opposite to hypointense hemorrhage (arrow) on T2W image (B).
Fig.18  Hemorrhagic brain metastasis of lung cancer. Axial T1W image (A) shows a hypointense mass with hyperintense hemorrhage in left temporal and occipital lobes, and solid part are slightly enhanced (B).
Fig.19  Hemorrhagic glioblastoma. Axial T1W image (A) shows a hypointense mass (arrow) with hyperintense hemorrhage in right parietal lobe, solid part are hyperintense on T2W image (B) with severe edema and inhomogenous enhancement(c).

2.2.2 血栓

       颅内血栓可见于动脉内血栓、静脉窦血栓、动脉瘤内血栓。动脉闭塞性脑梗死,偶可于T1WI上见高信号的动脉内血栓,其走行和大小与相应动脉一致,T2WI上一般为低信号,病变血管供血区大面积急性期脑梗死,DWI上呈高信号(图20)。静脉窦血栓常见于口服避孕药、高凝状态,亚急性期血栓在T1WI呈高信号,T2WI可为低信号或高信号;增强后窦壁强化呈空三角形、环形或平行线样;相应静脉引流区可出现静脉性梗死,表现为皮层下片状长T1、长T2信号,其分布与动脉供血范围不一致,病灶内可有静脉性出血;MRV可清晰显示血栓范围[9](图21图22)。动脉瘤内可有血栓形成,根据血栓占据瘤腔的范围分为部分血栓性和完全血栓性,前者残留的瘤腔呈流空信号,由于血栓为逐渐形成,典型者在T1WI上多表现为高、等混杂信号,T2WI上一般呈不均匀性低信号[10];增强后完全血栓性者动脉瘤壁环形强化,部分血栓性者残余瘤腔血管样强化(图23)。动脉瘤边界清楚,无明显占位效应和瘤周水肿。

图20  左侧大脑中动脉血栓。T1WI (A)上左侧大脑中动脉见条状高信号(箭),DWI (B)示相应供血区大面积急性脑梗死
图21  静脉窦血栓。轴面T1WI (A、B)示上矢状窦和右侧横窦内血栓呈高信号(箭),MRV (C)示上矢状窦、右侧横窦和乙状窦内充盈缺损
图22  静脉窦血栓。轴面T1WI (A)示上矢状窦和直窦内血栓呈高信号(箭),T2WI (B)亦为高信号,右侧枕叶皮层下片状长T1、长T2信号为静脉性梗死,中心类圆形短T1、稍长T2信号为静脉性出血,增强后上矢状窦壁强化呈空"△"征(C)
图23  部分血栓性动脉瘤。病灶位于左侧外侧裂,T1WI (A)呈高、等混杂信号,T2WI (B)呈低信号,边界清楚,无明显占位效应和瘤周水肿,增强后MIP像(C)示残余瘤腔血管样强化
图24  黑色素瘤。肿瘤位于右侧额叶,T1WI (A)呈高信号,T2WI (B)呈低信号,瘤周片状水肿,增强后(C)呈均匀性强化
图25  Rathke囊肿。垂体内病灶T1WI (A)呈高信号,T2WI (B)呈低信号,矢状面增强(C)示囊肿无强化,位于垂体前后叶之间
Fig. 20  Left middle cerebral artery (MCA) thrombosis. A: Axial T1W image shows strip hyperintense in left MCA (arrow). B: DWI shows massive infarction supplied by left MCA.
Fig. 21  Cerebral venous thrombosis. Axial T1W image show hyperintense in superior sagittal sinus (arrow in A) and right transverse sinus (arrow in B). C: MRV demonstrates filling defect in superior sagittal sinus, right transverse sinus and right sigmoid sinus.
Fig. 22  Cerebral venous thrombosis. Axial T1W image (A) show hyperintense in superior sagittal sinus (white arrow) and straight sinus (black arrow). Right occipital subcortex venous infarction is hyperintense with slightly hyperintense central hemorrhage on T2W image (B). The wall of superior sagittal sinus enhanced as "empty delta" sign on contrast-enhancement T1W image (C).
Fig. 23  Partially thrombosed aneurysm. A: Axial T1W image shows iso- and hyper-intense lesion in left lateral fissure. B: T2W image shows a clear-defined, hypointense lesion without perilesion edema and space-occupying effect. C: Three-dimensional maximum intense projection image from contrast-enhanced images demonstrates extensive enhancement of remnants cavity.
Fig. 24  Right temporal lobe melanoma. Axial T1W image shows a hyperintense mass with peritumoral edema (A), which is hypointense on T2W image (B) and homogenous enhanced (C).
Fig. 25  Rathke cleft cyst. A: Coronal T1W image shows a hyperintense lesion (arrow) within the sella. B: Coronal T2W image shows the lesion is hypointense (arrow). C: Sagittal contrast-enhanced T1W image shows the lesion located between anterior lobe and posterior lobe of pituitary without enhancement.

2.3 黑色素

       颅内黑色素细胞病变是一组弥漫性或局限型的良性或恶性病变,最常见者为恶性黑色素瘤,多为转移性,原发性少见。诊断颅内恶性黑色素瘤需提醒临床注意寻找其他部位有无恶性黑色素瘤。黑色素具有顺磁性效应,缩短T1和T2时间[11],典型者T1WI高信号、T2WI低信号,增强后明显强化(图24)。恶性黑色素瘤常有出血,在T1WI和T2WI上均为高信号;因此T1WI高信号多为黑色素和出血的共同结果。

2.4 蛋白质

       含有蛋白质的病灶包括Rathke囊肿、胶样囊肿、颅咽管瘤、表皮样囊肿等。除蛋白质外,这些病灶内一般还含有胆固醇、高铁血红蛋白,它们共同构成病灶是在T1WI上呈高信号的原因。

       Rathke囊肿典型者位于垂体前后叶之间(图25),少数可位于鞍内鞍上或完全位于鞍上(图26),短T1、短T2是其特征性表现,亦可表现为长或等T1、等或长T2信号,T1WI上信号高于脑脊液是与蛛网膜囊肿鉴别的关键,增强后囊肿一般无强化[12],少数边缘性强化可能为周围正常垂体的强化。

       胶样囊肿典型的部位为第三脑室Monro孔处,典型的部位及T1WI上高信号的表现,一般诊断不难。

       颅咽管瘤多位于鞍上,部分延伸至鞍内,完全位于鞍内者少见;多见于儿童,为儿童鞍区最常见的肿瘤,另一个发病高峰为40岁左右;肿瘤多为囊实性,囊性和实性少见,前两者的囊性部分在T1WI可呈高信号、T2WI上一般均为高信号,增强后实性部分和囊壁强化[13](图27)。

       表皮样囊肿源于胚胎外胚层残余组织,常位于脑桥小脑三角区、鞍区,偶见于脑室内。表皮样囊肿质软,可沿脑沟裂延伸,具有见缝就钻的特点,并可包绕脑血管和颅神经。大多数表皮样囊肿为T1WI低信号,少数囊肿内蛋白质和(或)胆固醇浓度较高时,T1WI上呈高信号(图28);T2WI上呈高信号,DWI呈明显高信号,增强后多无强化,少数边缘轻度强化[14]

图26  RATHKE囊肿。病灶位于鞍上,与垂体分界清楚,T1WI(A)呈高信号,T2WI(B)呈低信号
图27  颅咽管瘤。病灶位于鞍上,并延伸至鞍内,呈囊实性,上部囊性部分T1WI(A)呈高信号,增强后(B)部分囊壁及实性部分强化
图28  表皮样囊肿。病灶位于桥脑小脑角,T1WI(A)呈高信号,T2WI(B)呈稍高信号,基底动脉被包绕
图29  假性甲状旁腺功能减退。轴面T1WI示双侧尾状核、豆状核(A)和齿状核(B)呈对称性高信号(箭)
图30  少突胶质细胞瘤。肿瘤位于左侧额叶,累及皮层及皮层下,T1WI(A)呈低信号,T2WI(B)呈高信号,肿瘤内见小结节状短T1钙化灶,无瘤周水肿和占位效应,增强后(C)肿瘤无强化
图31  节细胞胶质瘤。肿瘤位于右侧额叶,呈囊实性,T1WI(A)示实性部分内见数个条状高信号钙化,T2WI(B)示轻度瘤周水肿和占位效应,增强后(C)实性部分和瘤壁轻度强化
图32  肝性脑病。轴面T1WI示双侧苍白球(箭)呈对称性高信号
图33  Wilson病。轴面T1WI(A,箭)和T2WI(B)示双侧基底节区对称性高信号,T2WI显示病变更明显、范围更广
图34  HIE。轴面T1WI示双侧半卵圆中心多发结节状高信号
Fig. 26  Rathke cleft cyst. A: Sagittal T1W image shows a suprasellar hyperintense lesion (arrow). B: Sagittal T2W image shows the lesion is hypointense.
Fig. 27  Craniopharyngioma. A: Sagittal T1W image shows a large mass that contains hyperintense component. B: Sagittal contrast-enhanced T1W image demonstrates solid part and cystic wall enhancement.
Fig. 28  Epidermoid cyst. A: Axial T1W image shows a well-defined, homogeneously hyperintense mass at the right cerebello-pontine angle. B: Axial T2W image shows the lesion is slight hyperintense and encompass basilar artery.
Fig. 29  Pesuohypoparathyroidism. Axial T1W image shows bilateral symmetric hyperintense of the lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus (A), and dentate nucleus (B, arrows).
Fig. 30  Oligodendroglioma. A: Axial T1W image shows a hypointense mass with patch hyperintense (arrow) in left frontal lobe involved cortex and subcortex. B: Axial T2W image shows the lesion is hyperintense without edema and space-occupying effect. And the mass has no enhancement (C).
Fig. 31  Right frontal lobe Ganglioglioma. Axial T1W image shows a solid and cystic mass with strip hyperintense calcification. B: Axial T2W image shows peritumoral edema and space-occupying effect are slight (B). And the solid and cystic wall of mass is slight enhancement (C).
Fig. 32  Hepatic encephalopathy. Axial T1W images show bilateral symmetric hyperintense in globus pallidus (arrow).
Fig. 33  Wilson disease. A: Axial T1W image shows bilateral hyperintense in lentiform lucleus (arrows). B: Axial T2W image shows the extent of abnormal signal intense wider than in a.
Fig. 34  Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Axial T1W image shows multiple nodular hyperintense in bilateral centrum semiovale.

2.5 矿物质

       导致T1WI高信号的矿物质包括钙、锰和铜。

2.5.1 钙

       除生理性基底节钙沉积外,钙磷代谢异常可导致钙的异常沉积,见于甲状旁腺功能减退、假性甲状旁腺功能减退、假假性甲状旁腺功能减退、Fahr病、Cockayne综合征。后两者均为罕见的常染色体遗传性疾病。甲状旁腺功能减退可见于甲状腺或甲状旁腺手术后,亦可为突发性;由于甲状旁腺激素的缺乏,导致血钙降低、血磷降低。假性甲状旁腺功能减退为组织对甲状旁腺激素无反应,导致血钙降低。假假性甲状旁腺功能减退表现与假性甲状旁腺功能减退相同,但肾小管和骨骼对甲状旁腺激素有反应,血钙、磷正常。CT上可见钙化弥漫分布于脑实质内,双侧较对称。T1WI上表现为双侧基底节和齿状核对称性高信号[15,16,17](图29)。诊断依赖于临床及生化检查。

       此外,肿瘤内亦可出现钙沉积,常见于少突胶质细胞瘤、星形细胞肿瘤、室管膜瘤、神经节细胞胶质瘤、神经母细胞瘤、颅咽管瘤、畸胎瘤、脑膜瘤、骨肉瘤脑转移等。多数钙化在T1WI上呈等或低信号,表现为高信号者常见于少突胶质细胞瘤[18]、神经节细胞胶质瘤[19]。少突胶质细胞瘤最常见于额叶,一般累及皮层,信号混杂,增强后无或轻度强化,占位效应和瘤周水肿轻微,中线结构一般无移位或稍移位(图30)。神经节细胞胶质瘤多见于儿童和青年,常位于颞叶,多为实性或囊实性,增强后实性部分多明显均匀性强化,少数轻中度强化,瘤周水肿无或轻微(图31)。

2.5.2 锰

       脑内锰的沉积主要见于肝硬化和门静脉-体静脉分流者,亦可见于全胃肠外营养和锰职业接触者。MRI特征性表现为T1WI上双侧苍白球和黑质呈对称性高信号(图32),T2WI一般表现正常,少数呈高信号。在肝移植或阻断门静脉-体静脉分流后,T1WI上的高信号可消失[20]

2.5.3 铜

       肝豆状核变性(Wilson病)是种少见先天性疾病,由ATP 7B基因突变所致,导致铜代谢异常和在组织内沉积。患者可表现为肝损害、角膜K-F环等。T1WI上高信号最常见于双侧基底节和丘脑腹外侧核,T2WI上为高信号,且范围更广[21](图33);此外,常可见脑萎缩。

2.6 凝固性坏死

       包括脑组织的凝固性坏死和病理组织的凝固性坏死,前者见于缺氧缺血性脑病(hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, HIE),后者最常见于脑结核瘤。

       早产儿轻中度缺血缺氧时,脑血管通过自身调节优先保证基底节和皮层的血液供应,白质血供相应减少,而发生凝固性坏死。病灶多位于侧脑室旁和半卵圆中心,多发而散在,在T1WI呈高信号,在T2WI呈稍低信号,且显示的病灶数目少于T1WI(图34),FLAIR亦呈高信号。新生儿脑出血一般位于尾状核头与丘脑交界处的室管膜下生发层,T2WI上多为明显低信号。足月新生儿重度缺血缺氧,2 d后T1WI上双侧基底节、丘脑等呈对称性高信号,正常内囊高信号消失,T2WI上病灶呈低信号[22]

       非新生儿者,脑的后循环血管自身调节能力较差,容易受到缺血缺氧的影响;另一方面,缺血缺氧时导致谷氨酰胺释放,后者触发级联反应导致脑损伤,而顶枕叶谷氨酰胺受体含量丰富,因此HIE多累及顶枕叶,导致皮层凝固性坏死,于2周时T1WI上开始出现脑回样高信号,这一形态学特征有助于与梗死后出血鉴别(图35)。此高信号约于发病后2年开始消退。

       脑结核瘤多为肺结核血行播散,多位于幕上,单发或多发,可伴有结核性脑膜炎。结核瘤中央多为干酪性坏死,T1WI呈高信号,T2WI呈低信号,边缘为环状等T1、等或长T2信号,多有瘤周水肿,增强后呈环形或结节状强化(图36)。MRS示病灶内明显的Lip峰有助于诊断[23]

图35  皮层凝固性坏死。右侧颞顶叶见脑回样高信号,其下为软化灶
图36  脑结核瘤。轴面T1WI (A)和T2WI (B)示右侧额叶结节灶,中心呈短T1、短T2信号,边缘为长T1、长T2信号,周围大片状水肿,增强后(C)呈结节状强化(此层面与平扫层面不完全一致)
图37  垂体后叶异位。矢状面T1WI示第三脑室底部见小结节状高信号(箭),正常垂体后叶高信号消失,垂体柄缺如
图38  胶质增生。轴面T1WI (A)示右侧丘脑囊状低信号,其内侧见小片状高信号(箭),FLAIR (B)示病灶周边见不规则环形高信号
Fig. 35  Cortical coagulative necrosis. Axial T1W image demonstrates a gyriform region of high signal intense in right parietal and temporal lobe cortex the underlying lesion is encephalomalacia.
Fig. 36  Brain tuberculoma. A: Axial T1W image shows a nodule with hyperintense center in right frontal lobe. B: Axial T2W image shows the lesions are hyperintense with hypointense center. C: Axial contrast-enhanced T1W image shows two intense enhanced nodule (the slice is not the same as A and B).
Fig. 37  Ectopic posterior pituitary lobe. Sagittal T1W image shows a focus of hyperintense (arrow) corresponding to ectopic posterior pituitary lobe located at the floor of the third ventricle, with the absence of pituitary stalk.
Fig. 38  Gliosis. A: Axial T1W image shows patch hyperintense (arrow) beside encephalomalacia in right thalamus. B: Axial FLAIR image shows irregular circle hyperintense beside hypointense encephalomalacia.

2.7 异位的垂体后叶

       本病少见,是一种下丘脑的先天性畸形,伴有垂体柄缺如或发育不全,常见于生长激素缺乏的儿童,可伴有视隔发育不良和灰质异位[24];偶见于外伤性或医原性垂体柄离断。异位的垂体后叶一般位于第三脑室底的中部,T1WI上局部呈点状高信号,而正常垂体后叶高信号消失(图37)。

       本病需与发生于该处的脂肪瘤鉴别,正常高信号垂体后叶存在、抑脂像呈低信号是脂肪瘤的特征。

2.8 胶质增生

       少数胶质增生可在T1WI上呈高信号,可能与钙等矿物质的沉积有关,高信号呈片状,位于软化灶一侧(图38)。根据既往的脑梗死等病史、负占位效应、中心脑脊液样软化灶、FLAIR图上周围不规则环形高信号,诊断较易。

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