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临床研究
MR动态增强扫描结合T2*WI首过灌注成像诊断乳腺肿瘤的价值
赵金丽 管海涛 李敏达 吴献华 顾红梅 周学军

赵金丽,管海涛,李敏达,等. MR动态增强扫描结合T2*WI首过灌注成像诊断乳腺肿瘤的价值.磁共振成像, 2014,5(1): 54-59. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.01.011.


[摘要] 目的 评价乳腺MR T1WI动态增强扫描结合T2*WI首过灌注成像对乳腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断价值。材料与方法 对39例乳腺良、恶性肿瘤均行T2*WI首过灌注成像及T1WI动态增强扫描,计算T2*WI首过灌注成像的最大信号强度下降率及动态增强扫描的早期强化率,绘制T2*WI首过灌注TIC及动态增强TIC。结果 乳腺良恶性肿瘤的T2*WI首过灌注最大信号强度下降率的差异有统计学意义,以最大信号强度下降率20%作为诊断恶性肿瘤的阈值,敏感度为91.7%,特异度为93.3%,准确度为92.3%。乳腺良恶性肿瘤T1WI动态增强早期强化率的差异无统计学意义,但动态增强曲线类型差异有统计学意义,以流出型作为诊断恶性的标准,诊断的敏感度为62.5%,特异度为93.3%,准确度为74.4%。T1WI动态增强TIC表现为平台型(Ⅱ型)的乳腺肿瘤,其T2*WI灌注TIC类型的差异有统计学意义。结论 T1WI动态增强扫描结合T2*WI首过灌注成像有助于乳腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断,T2*WI首过灌注成像能提高动态增强Ⅱ型曲线病灶定性诊断的准确率。
[Abstract] Objective: To evaluate the value of breast T1WI dynamic enhancement scanning combined with T2*-weighted first-pass perfusion imaging in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors.Materials and methods: 39 cases of benign or malignant breast tumors verified by pathology underwent T2*-weighted first-pass perfusion imaging and T1WI dynamic enhanced scan. We calculated the reduction rate of maximum signal strength in T2*-weighted first-pass perfusion imaging and the early enhancement rate of dynamic enhanced scan. We also drew the TIC of T2*-weighted first-pass perfusion imaging and T1WI dynamic enhanced scan.Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the reduction rate of the maximum signal strength in T2*-weighted first-pass perfusion imaging of breast neoplasms. When the scale of decrease of maximum signal which arrived 20% be identified as threshold, the sensitivity was 91.7%, specificity was 93.3%, and the accuracy is 92.3%. The difference of early enhancement rate in dynamic enhanced scan of breast neoplasms was not statistically different, but the type of dynamic enhancement curve had statistically significant difference. When the curve was outflow type, it could be defined as malignant standard (sensitivity was 62.5%, specificity was 93.3%, the accuracy was 74.4%). When TIC curve in T1WI dynamic enhanced scan of breast neoplasms was platform type (type II), the type of TIC curve in T2*-weighted first-pass perfusion imaging had statistically significant difference.Conclusions: T1WI dynamic enhanced scan combined with T2*-weighted first-pass perfusion imaging can be help to distinguish benign breast tumors from malignant ones. T2*-weighted first-pass perfusion imaging can improve the accuracy of qualitative diagnosis when TIC curve in T1WI dynamic enhanced scan of breast neoplasms was type II.
[关键词] 乳腺肿瘤;磁共振血管造影术
[Keywords] Breast neoplasms;Magnetic resonance angiography

赵金丽 江苏省南通大学附属医院影像科,南通 226001

管海涛 江苏省南通市第三人民医院,南通 226006

李敏达 江苏省南通大学附属医院影像科,南通 226001

吴献华* 江苏省南通大学附属医院影像科,南通 226001

顾红梅 江苏省南通大学附属医院影像科,南通 226001

周学军 江苏省南通大学附属医院影像科,南通 226001

通讯作者:吴献华,E-mail:wxh637295@sina.com


收稿日期:2013-10-06
接受日期:2013-12-05
中图分类号:R445.2; R737.9 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.01.011
赵金丽,管海涛,李敏达,等. MR动态增强扫描结合T2*WI首过灌注成像诊断乳腺肿瘤的价值.磁共振成像, 2014,5(1): 54-59. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.01.011.

       MR动态增强扫描(dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging,DCE-MRI)具有良好的空间分辨率及时间分辨率,结合病变的形态学和血流动力学特征来鉴别病变的良恶性。T2*WI首过灌注成像与肿瘤局部的微循环密切相关,信号强度的降低与乳腺病变局部对比剂浓度呈正相关[1]。笔者将探讨MR动态增强扫描结合T2*WI首过灌注成像诊断乳腺良恶性肿瘤的价值。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       搜集2012年2月至2013年6月行MR乳腺常规扫描、T1WI动态增强扫描及T2*WI首过灌注成像检查,有明确病灶并经病理证实的39例乳腺病灶,均为女性,年龄25~75岁,平均48岁。排除乳腺癌已行新辅助化疗者及MR检查前1周内行乳腺肿块穿刺者。

1.2 仪器与方法

       采用美国GE公司Signa HDx 3.0 T超导MR扫描仪及乳腺专用表面线圈。患者取俯卧位足先进,双乳头置于线圈中心。常规扫描序列包括横断面脂肪抑制STIR序列、横断面T1WI序列、矢状面快速自旋回波T2WI脂肪抑制序列(成像参数见表1)。常规扫描后T2*WI首过灌注成像扫描采用横断位梯度回复回波平面成像(GRE-EPI)序列,成像参数:TR 2000 ms,TE 40 ms,反转角90°,矩阵128×128,1次采集,层厚4 mm,层间隔1 mm,扫描时相25个,时间分辨率2 s,总扫描时间为50 s。应用全自动双筒压力注射器注入钆双胺注射液(欧乃影),剂量按0.1 mmol/kg计算,以3.0 ml/s流率注入。注药前,先进行灌注成像序列扫描,在其扫描1~2个时相,且图像质量满意后,开始注入对比剂。灌注成像序列结束后立即行T1WI动态增强扫描。动态增强扫描采用GE公司的VIBRANT序列行双侧乳腺横断面多时相3D-FSPGR序列成像,扫描成像参数:TR 4.3 ms,TE 2.1 ms,矩阵416×320,层厚0.7 mm,0.7次采集,扫描时相6个,时间分辨率1 min,连续无间隔采集6次,总扫描时间6 min。

表1  乳腺MR常规扫描成像参数
Tab. 1  Routine scanning of the breast MR imaging parameters

1.3 图像观察、后处理及数据采集

       将原始数据传至GE AW4.5工作站采用Functool软件进行处理。根据公式(SI-SIC)/SI×100%计算团注对比剂后观察时间内的最大信号强度下降率,SI、SIC分别表示最大信号强度值和第一时间最大信号强度降低值[2]。利用Functool软件的Standard功能处理T2*WI灌注图像得到时间-信号强度曲线(Time-signal intensity curve,TIC)。根据公式(SI2-SI1)/SI1×100%计算T1WI动态增强早期强化率,SI1、SI2分别表示增强前病灶的信号强度及注射对比剂后第一时相的信号强度。利用Functool软件的SER功能处理动态增强图像得到T1WI动态增强TIC,ROI选取在病灶最大层面且强化最明显处,小于病灶强化区域,范围约为40~100 mm2,且避开肉眼可见坏死区。将动态增强时间-信号强度曲线分为3型:Ⅰ型,流入型,强化方式为持续渐进性强化;Ⅱ型,平台型,早期强化明显,中晚期信号升高或下降在10%范围内;Ⅲ型,流出型,早期快速明显强化至峰值,之后信号迅速降低,超过峰值信号强度的10%[3]。以Kvistad等[2]报道提出的最大信号强度下降率20%作为鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的阈值,最大信号强度下降率≥20%的T2*WI首过灌注TIC为快速下降型,最大信号强度下降率<20%的T2*WI首过灌注TIC为平直型。所有图像均由2名8年以上MRI工作经验的诊断医师采用双盲法阅片。

1.4 统计学方法

       统计学方法采用SPSS 17.0软件,对良、恶性肿瘤T2*WI首过灌注最大信号强度下降率、T1WI动态增强早期强化率采用t检验,T1WI动态增强TIC类型差异采用Man-Whitney U检验,T1WI动态增强TIC表现为平台型病变的T2*WI首过灌注TIC类型差异采用卡方检验,P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 病理结果

       39例乳腺肿瘤中,24例为恶性,占61.5%,其中浸润性导管癌18例,导管内癌5例,乳头状癌伴黏液癌1例;15例为良性,占38.5%,其中纤维腺瘤9例,腺病瘤3例,导管内乳头状瘤3例;病变范围为0.9 cm~8.6 cm,平均2.6 cm。

2.2 T2*WI首过灌注成像分析结果

       24例恶性肿瘤,T2*WI首过灌注最大信号强度下降率为(54.42±21.73)%,15例良性肿瘤,最大信号强度下降率为(8.13±7.10)%。良、恶性肿瘤最大信号强度下降率差异有统计学意义(t=7.955,P<0.01),两者最大信号强度下降率重叠部分较少(图1)。24例恶性肿瘤中22例病灶的T2*WI首过灌注TIC为快速下降型,15例良性肿瘤中仅有1例病灶表现为快速下降型。若将T2*WI首过灌注TIC为快速下降型的病灶诊断为恶性,敏感度为91.7%,特异度为93.3%,准确度为92.3%。

图1  T2*WI最大信号强度下降率散点图
图2  T1WI早期强化率散点图
Fig. 1  T2*WI maximum inten-sity decrease rate scatter diagram.
Fig. 2  T1WI early intensive rate scatter plot.

2.3 T1WI动态增强扫描分析结果

       T1WI动态增强早期强化率:24例恶性肿瘤的早期强化率为(181.13±18.65)%,15例良性肿瘤的早期强化率为(168.83±30.68)%,良、恶性肿瘤的早期强化率重叠范围较大(图2),且两者的早期强化率差异无统计学意义(t=1.562,P>0.05)。但39例乳腺肿瘤的T1WI动态增强曲线类型差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.908,P<0.01)(表2)。若以病灶的T1WI动态增强TIC表现为流出型诊断为恶性,诊断的敏感度为62.5%,特异度为93.3%,准确度为74.4%。

表2  乳腺良、恶性病变T1WI动态增强TIC类型(例)
Tab. 2  T1WI dynamic contrast enhanced TIC type of benign and malignant breast lesions (case)

2.4 T1WI动态增强TIC表现为平台型病灶的T2*WI首过灌注TIC类型

       具体见表2表2显示,分别有5例良性肿瘤及7例恶性肿瘤的T1WI动态增强TIC表现为平台型,其T2*WI灌注TIC类型的差异有统计学意义(χ2=11.893,P<0.01)(表3图3图4)。

图3  右乳浸润性导管癌。A为T1WI动态增强图,病灶明显强化,边缘见毛刺;B为T1WI动态增强TIC,呈平台型,早期强化率为210.3%;C为T2*WI首过灌注图;D为灌注TIC,呈快速下降型,最大信号强度下降率为91.7%
图4  右乳导管内乳头状瘤。A为T1WI动态增强图,病灶明显强化,边缘不光整;B为T1WI动态增强TIC,呈平台型,早期强化率为120.7%;C为T2*WI首过灌注图;D为灌注TIC,呈平直型,最大信号强度下降率为16.7%
图5  右乳浸润性导管癌Ⅰ级。A为T1WI动态增强图,病灶明显强化,边缘欠光整;B为T1WI动态增强TIC,呈平台型,早期强化率为230.1%;C为T2*WI首过灌注图;D为灌注TIC,呈平直型,最大信号强度下降率为2.4%
Fig. 3  Infiltrating ductal carcinoma of right breast. A: Dynamic contrast-enhanced T1WI map, lesions significantly enhanced, see the edge burr. B: T1WI dynamic enhancement TIC, were platform-based, early intensive rate of 210.3%. C: T2*WI first-pass perfusion map. D: Perfusion TIC, decreased rapidly type, maximum signal intensity decreased 91.7%.
Fig. 4  intraductal papilloma of right breast. A: Dynamic contrast-enhanced T1WI map, lesions significantly enhanced, not only the whole edge. B: T1WI dynamic enhancement TIC, were platform-based, early intensive rate of 120.7%. C: T2*WI first-pass perfusion map. D: Perfusion TIC, was flat type, maximum signal intensity decreased 16.7%.
Fig. 5  Infiltrating ductal carcinoma of right breast grade I. A: Dynamic contrast-enhanced T1WI map, lesions significantly enhanced, edge finishing owed. B: T1WI dynamic enhancement TIC, were platform-based, early intensive rate of 230.1%. C: T2*WI first-pass perfusion map. D: Perfusion TIC, was flat type, maximum signal strength drop decreased 2.4%.
表3  T1WI动态增强TIC表现为平台型的病变T2*WI灌注TIC类型(例)
Tab. 3  T2*WI perfusion TIC type of T1WI dynamic contrast enhanced TIC findings as a platform type(case)

3 讨论

       肿瘤的生长、发展及转移依赖新生血管的滋养,尤其是恶性肿瘤。在参与调节血管生成多因素作用下,血管内皮细胞分裂、增殖形成新生血管。肿瘤的新生血管网一旦形成,肿瘤细胞就会快速生长。多位学者报道,恶性肿瘤特别是恶性程度高的肿瘤的微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)高于恶性程度低的肿瘤及良性肿瘤[4,5]。T2*WI首过灌注成像与肿瘤局部的微循环密切相关,由于顺磁性对比剂带有较多不成对电子,首过灌注时会影响局部磁场的均匀性,使T2和T2*缩短,从而造成组织信号强度的下降。信号强度的降低与乳腺病变局部对比剂浓度呈正相关[1]。由于恶性肿瘤内微血管密度高且血管直径较大,毛细血管呈扩张状态,阻力较小,团注对比剂进入毛细血管较快且可以不断进入间质引起血管内外磁场强度变化,导致病灶的信号强度丢失[6]。而良性肿瘤新生血管少,供血血管大多发育正常,对比剂不会快速进入血管外间隙,因此信号强度变化不明显。本组中乳腺良、恶性肿瘤的T2*WI首过灌注成像最大信号强度下降率分别为(8.13±7.10)%、(54.42±21.73)%,两者间差异有统计学意义,与国内外研究报道一致[1,7]。Kvistad等[8]研究报道T2*WI首过灌注诊断乳腺癌的敏感度和特异度分别为79%和93%。Zhang等[9]的研究显示,T2*WI首过灌注的诊断敏感度为66.7%。万芸等[10]对40例乳腺良恶性病变进行回顾分析,得到T2*WI首过灌注成像诊断恶性病变的敏感度和特异度分别为90.3%和92.9%。本组以最大信号强度下降率20%作为鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的阈值,诊断的敏感度为91.7%,特异度为93.3%,准确度为92.3%。因此,可以认为T2*WI首过灌注成像可作为鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的辅助方法之一。

       DCE-MRI基于肿瘤血管形成来显示病灶的血供情况,观察病灶时间比较长,通过信号强度变化分析早期强化及延迟期强化特征,鉴别病灶的良恶性。动态增强曲线是对比剂在病变组织内分布变化的直观描述,同时可间接揭示病变组织的血流动力学情况。本组中乳腺良、恶性肿瘤的T1WI动态增强早期强化率分别为为(168.83±30.68)%、(181.13±18.65)%,两者间差异无统计学意义,与王世威等[11]研究结果一致。目前研究认为对比剂快进快出是恶性病变的显著特征[12,13],呈现出Ⅲ型曲线;而良性病变则主要呈Ⅰ型曲线[14]。本组中以病灶的T1WI动态增强TIC表现为流出型诊断为恶性,诊断的敏感度为62.5%,特异度为93.3%,准确度为74.4%,与以往的研究结果相似。但国内外学者对Ⅱ型曲线鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的诊断特异度仍有争议。Kuhl等[15]认为乳腺恶性病变的平台型增强方式多于良性病变,Ⅱ型曲线多见于恶性病变;Malru等[16]研究报道Ⅱ型曲线对乳腺癌的诊断特异度差异较大,为20.0%~97.4%,因此呈现Ⅱ型曲线的病灶需进一步结合其他诊断参数指标鉴别诊断。

       文献报道T2*WI首过灌注成像对鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的敏感度不及T1WI动态增强扫描,但特异度可达93%,两者结合可明显提高诊断特异度,可达100%[1,17]。本组中33.3%(5/15)的良性肿瘤和29.2%(7/24)的恶性肿瘤,其动态增强TIC均表现为Ⅱ型曲线,但5例良性肿瘤的T2*WI首过灌注TIC表现为平直型,7例恶性肿瘤中有6例表现为快速下降型,仅有1例表现为平直型。这1例恶性肿瘤的病理类型为浸润性导管癌I级,可能与肿瘤的恶性程度低、微血管密度较少及细胞分化较好有关(图5)。本组中,1例乳头状癌伴黏液腺癌的T2*WI首过灌注TIC呈平直型,动态增强曲线表现为Ⅰ型,均呈良性表现,可能与黏液腺癌MVD低、对比剂进入细胞外间隙较少有关。由于病理上黏液腺癌以大量细胞外黏液漂浮簇状增生的细胞为特征,肿瘤细胞分散在黏液湖中[18]。且黏液腺癌生长缓慢、多为膨胀性生长,边界清晰,浸润性不强,易误诊为良性病变。

       T2*WI首过灌注成像的最大信号强度下降率诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的特异度高于动态增强的曲线类型,且采用T2*WI首过灌注成像能提高动态增强Ⅱ型曲线病灶定性诊断的准确率,但灌注成像注重时间分辨率,空间分辨率较差,不能清晰地显示病灶的形态及边缘。动态增强扫描能提供病灶的形态、边缘、内部强化特点及增强方式,两者结合可以获得更多的信息有助于乳腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断。

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