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临床研究
多参数MRI对子宫平滑肌肉瘤及不典型子宫肌瘤的鉴别诊断
毕秋 吕发金 肖智博 邹春霞 沈逸青 刘筱霜

毕秋,吕发金,肖智博,等.多参数MRI对子宫平滑肌肉瘤及不典型子宫肌瘤的鉴别诊断.磁共振成像, 2018, 9(2):108-112. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.02.006.


[摘要] 目的 探索磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)定性及定量参数对子宫平滑肌肉瘤(leiomyosarcoma,LMS)及不典型子宫肌瘤(atypical leiomyoma,ALM)的鉴别价值。材料与方法 在2011年6月至2016年12月间,收集到由我院病理证实的19例LMS和88例ALM患者的临床资料,术前曾行MRI扫描并符合条件的有12例LMS和79例ALM。分析并比较两组患者肿瘤在MRI定性图像特点、扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)及增强定量参数方面的差异性。结果 MRI定性指标中,LMS主要位于宫腔,边界不清,实质T2WI多为混杂信号,实质DWI多为高信号,增强无强化区多位于中央,以上指标与ALM比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。MRI定量指标中,肿瘤实质的平均表观扩散系数值(mean apparent diffusion coefficient,mADC)、早期强化率(early enhancement ratio,EER)、最大对比增强率(maximum contrast enhancement ratio,MCER)均能辅助区分LMS与ALM (P<0.05),根据受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,当mADC以1.09 × 10-3 mm2/s作为阈值时,诊断LMS的敏感性及特异性分别为97.5%和75.0%。结论 多参数MRI在LMS与ALM的鉴别诊断中具有重要价值。
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the diagnostic value of clinical parameters and qualitative and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features in distinguishing uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) from atypical leiomyoma (ALM).Materials and Methods: From June 2011 to December 2016, clinical data of 19 LMSs and 88 ALMs confirmed by pathology was collected in our hospital. Twelve LMSs and 79 ALMs underwent MRI scan before surgery and met the conditions. Analyzing and comparing the differences in MRI qualitative features, diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), and dynamic contrast-enhanced parameters between LMS and ALM.Results: There were significant differences between LMS and ALM in the following qualitative MRI parameters: LMS was mainly located in the uterine cavity with an ill-defined margin, showed heterogeneous signal on T2WI and hyperintensity on DWI, no enhancement region was in the center of the tumor on contrast-enhanced MRI (P<0.05). For quantitative MRI parameters, mean apparent diffusion coefficient (mADC) values, early enhancement ratio (EER), maximum contrast enhancement ratio (MCER) of the solid component of LMS could help to distinguish from ALM (P< 0.05). According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, when the cut-off values of mADC was 1.09×10-3 mm2/s, the sensitivity and specificity were 97.5% and 75.0%.Conclusions: It was valuable to use multiparametric MRI to differentiate LMS from ALM.
[关键词] 平滑肌肉瘤;子宫肌瘤;磁共振成像
[Keywords] Leiomyosarcoma;Hysteromyoma;Magnetic resonance imaging

毕秋 重庆医科大学附属第一医院放射科,重庆 400016

吕发金* 重庆医科大学附属第一医院放射科,重庆 400016

肖智博 重庆医科大学附属第一医院放射科,重庆 400016

邹春霞 重庆医科大学附属第一医院放射科,重庆 400016

沈逸青 重庆医科大学附属第一医院放射科,重庆 400016

刘筱霜 重庆医科大学附属第一医院放射科,重庆 400016

通讯作者:吕发金,E-mail:fajinlv@163.com


基金项目: 国家临床重点专科建设项目 编号:国卫办医函[2013]544号
收稿日期:2017-11-16
接受日期:2018-01-05
中图分类号:R445.2; R737.33 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.02.006
毕秋,吕发金,肖智博,等.多参数MRI对子宫平滑肌肉瘤及不典型子宫肌瘤的鉴别诊断.磁共振成像, 2018, 9(2):108-112. DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2018.02.006.

       子宫肉瘤(uterine sarcoma)是一种恶性度高、预后差的子宫罕见肿瘤[1],最常见的病理类型为子宫平滑肌肉瘤(leiomyosarcoma,LMS)[2],其标准手术切除方式为子宫加双附件全切除[3]。子宫肌瘤(leiomyoma)是女性生殖系统最常见的良性肿瘤,预后好[1],患者可行激素及高强度聚焦超声(high-intensity focused ultrasound,HIFU)等非手术方式治疗[4]。由此可见LMS与子宫肌瘤治疗方式差别很大,术前准确区分二者尤为重要。加之,LMS与子宫肌瘤患者的临床表现相似,术前误诊率高[5],所以单凭临床指标来区分二者比较困难,必须借助其他检查来鉴别。

       磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)是目前鉴别LMS与子宫肌瘤的有效手段之一[6],但仅通过MRI图像定性分析很难与不典型子宫肌瘤(atypical leiomyoma,ALM)相鉴别[7]。扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)及动态增强扫描(dynamic contrast-enhanced,DCE)是MRI的两种功能成像方式,之前已有其相关定性参数鉴别子宫肉瘤与变性子宫肌瘤的文章[8],但目前国内外尚无MRI定性及定量参数联合鉴别LMS与ALM的研究。本研究的目的是探索MRI定性图像特点、DWI及DCE定量参数对LMS与ALM的鉴别价值,为临床治疗方式提供更为丰富的依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

       收集2011年6月至2016年12月间到我院并由病理证实的19例LMS和88例ALM(包括变性子宫肌瘤及细胞型子宫肌瘤)患者的临床资料,找出术前有完整MRI图像(包括DWI及DCE序列)并排除术前放化疗、激素治疗、介入治疗、HIFU治疗患者、怀孕患者及国际妇产科联盟(Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics,FIGO)分期的Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者,最后纳入12例LMS和79例ALM患者的MRI图像进行分析。MRI定性指标包括病灶的部位、形态、T2WI边界、有无流空血管影、肿瘤实质T1WI/T2WI/DWI信号强度、肿瘤强化方式。MRI定量指标包括肿瘤最大径、平均表观扩散系数值(mean apparent diffusion coefficient,mADC)、早期强化率(early enhancement ratio,EER)、最大对比增强率(maximum contrast enhancement ratio,MCER)。

1.2 MRI检查

       采用GE HDxt 3.0 T MRI扫描仪,八通道体部线圈,行盆腔平扫加增强检查。扫描系列包括:①轴位:T2WI[快速恢复快速自旋回波(fast relaxation fast spin echo,FRFSE),TR:4400 ms,TE:106.6 ms,视野:28 cm × 22.4 cm,矩阵:288 mm × 224 mm,层厚:5 mm,层间距:1.5 mm]、T1WI[快速自旋回波(fast spin echo,FSE),TR:175 ms,TE:1.8 ms,视野:40 cm× 28 cm,矩阵:320 mm × 224 mm,层厚:5 mm,层间距:1 mm]、DWI[自旋回波-回波平面成像(spin-echo echo planar imaging,SE-EPI),TR:4375 ms,TE:65.6 ms,视野:36 cm × 27 cm,矩阵:128 mm × 128 mm,层厚:5 mm,层间距:1.5 mm,b=0、800 s/mm2]、增强T1WI[肝脏快速容积采集(liver acceleration volume acquisition,LAVA),TR:4 ms,TE:1.9 ms,视野:40 cm × 32 cm,矩阵:320 mm × 224 mm,层厚:4 mm,层间距:0 mm];②矢状位:T2WI(FRFSE,TR:3040 ms,TE:107.5 ms,视野:28 cm × 22.4 cm,矩阵:320 mm × 224 mm,层厚:6 mm,层间距:1mm)、增强T1WI (LAVA,TR:3.9 ms,TE:1.8 ms,视野:35 cm × 28 cm,矩阵:288 mm × 224 mm,层厚:4 mm,层间距:0 mm)。动态增强扫描采用LAVA序列,包括轴位及矢状位采集,轴位增强扫描共4期,注药前先行一期mask蒙片平扫,注药后分别于30 s、47 s、64 s开始3期连续扫描;矢状位增强距离注药90 s左右开始扫描。对比剂采用马根维显,计量为0.2 ml/kg体质量,推注速率为2 ml/s。

1.3 图像分析

       图像后处理采用GE后处理工作站(AW 4.6),采用Functool软件进行分析。ADC值:在ADC图上于病灶最大径层面划定尽可能大的圆形感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI),参考MRI其他系列,尽量避开子宫肌层、出血、囊变、坏死、变性及宫腔积液/黏液区域,记录下mADC值和minADC值,每个病灶测量3次,取平均值。DCE相关参数:病灶非均匀强化时,选择病灶早期强化最明显的部位画ROI,获得时间-信号强度曲线(time signal-intensity curve,TIC),根据TIC记录未增强信号强度(SI0)、增强第一期信号强度(SI1)、峰值信号强度(SIpeak),EER=(SI1-SI0)/SI0,MCER=(SIpeak- SI0)/SI0。

1.4 统计学处理

       采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行分析,所有计量资料均用±s表示,计量资料两两比较采用独立样本t检验,计数资料两两比较采用Fisher精确概率法,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。利用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线确定差异具有统计学意义的计量资料的阈值。

2 结果

2.1 病理结果及患者一般信息

       最后纳入MRI图像分析的有12例LMS和79例ALM患者的信息,12例LMS中有1例为子宫破骨样巨细胞平滑肌肉瘤,其余均为典型LMS;79例ALM包含59例变性肌瘤、15例细胞型肌瘤和5例混合型肌瘤,59例变性肌瘤中有15例玻璃样变、12例黏液样变、6例红色样变、1例囊性变、1例水肿变性、1例脂肪变性、1例钙化、3例坏死或梗死、19例混合变性。

       12例LMS患者的平均年龄为(49±8)岁,体重指数(body mass index,BMI)为(22.5±3.8) kg/m2,1例无生育史,11例有流产史。12例LMS患者的临床表现中有3例为阴道流血、5例月经紊乱、2例腹痛、2例发现腹部包块。LMS患者的实验室检查中有5例癌抗原125(cancer antigen 125,CA125)及3例乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)升高。12例LMS患者中有9例处于FIGO Ⅰ期,有3例处于FIGO II期。

2.2 MRI定性指标比较

       12例LMS有4例位于宫腔、4例位于肌壁间、1例位于宫颈、3例位于宫外,ALM大部分位于肌壁间,仅部分位于宫腔,与ALM比较差异具有统计学意义(P=0.01)。所有LMS (100%)与94.9%的ALM为团块状或类圆形(P分别为0.32、0.50)。9例LMS (75%)在T2WI上边界不清,与ALM比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。9例LMS (75%)与54例ALM (68.4%)中均可见流空血管影,二者差异无统计学意义(P=0.75)。至于肿瘤实质信号强度,83.3%的LMS和77.2%的ALM在T1WI上表现为等信号(P=1.00);83.3%的LMS在T2WI上表现为混杂信号,而ALM则多表现为低信号(P<0.01);91.7%的LMS在DWI上为高信号,与ALM比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。增强图像中,50%的LMS无强化区主要位于病灶中央,而ALM大多呈散在分布(P<0.01),见图1

图1  A~ E:女性,45岁,病理诊断为子宫平滑肌肉瘤,病灶主要位于宫腔,边界不清,实质T2WI为混杂信号(A),实质DWI为混杂高信号(B),ADC图示扩散明显受限,平均ADC值为0.67 × 10-3 mm2/s (C),增强无强化区位于中央(D)。根据TIC曲线,病灶呈早期明显强化(E中1线),EER及MCER分别为3.35和3.35;F~ J:女性,21岁,病理诊断为子宫肌瘤黏液样变,病灶主要位于肌壁间,边界清楚,实质T2WI为混杂信号(F),实质DWI为稍高信号(G),ADC图上平均ADC值为1.24 × 10-3 mm2/s (H),增强可见小片状无强化灶(I)。根据TIC曲线,病灶呈延迟强化(J中1线),EER及MCER分别为1.87和2.40
Fig.1  A—E: A 45-year-old woman was diagnosed as uterine leiomyosarcoma by pathology, mainly located in the uterine cavity with an ill-defined margin, showed mixed signal on T2WI (A), the solid component of the lesion appeared heterogeneous hyperintensity on DWI (B), and the mean ADC values were 0.67×10-3 mm2/s (C), on axial contrast-enhanced image, the tumor showed central non enhancement (D). According to the TIC curves, the lesion displayed rapid and marked enhancement (line 1 in E), the EER and MCER were 3.35 and 3.35 respectively; F—J: A 21-year-old woman was diagnosed as uterine leiomyoma with mucinous degeneration by pathology, mainly located in the uterine cavity with a clear margin, showed mixed signal on T2WI (F), the solid component of the lesion appeared slight hyperintensity on DWI (G), and the mean ADC values were 1.24×10-3 mm2/s (H), on axial contrast-enhanced image, the tumor showed sporadic non enhancement (I). According to the TIC curves, the lesion displayed delayed enhancement (line 1 in J), the EER and MCER were 1.87 and 2.40 respectively.

2.3 MRI定量指标比较

       LMS与ALM的平均肿瘤最大径分别为(73.1±30.5) mm、(83.3±49.4) mm,二者差异无统计学意义(P=0.68)。LMS与ALM的mADC值分别为(0.97±0.22) × 10-3 mm2/s、(1.44±0.27) × 10-3 mm2/s,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.00)。根据ROC曲线,当mADC以1.09 × 10-3 mm2/s作为阈值时,敏感性及特异性分别为97.5%和75.0%。关于DCE定量参数,LMS和ALM的EER分别为2.11±2.13、0.93±0.99,MCER分别为3.31±2.46、2.00±0.77,二者在EER (P=0.02)及MCER (P=0.01)上差异均有统计学意义。根据ROC曲线,当EER以0.52作为阈值时,敏感性及特异性分别为91.7%、48.7%;当MCER以2.18作为阈值时,敏感性及特异性分别为91.7%、59.2%,见图2

图2  A:平均ADC值的ROC曲线图;B :EER和MCER的ROC曲线图
Fig.2  A: ROC curve of mADC values; B: ROC curve of EER and MCER.

3 讨论

3.1 LMS的临床特征

       子宫肉瘤是一种少见的间叶源性肿瘤,组织学上可分为LMS、子宫内膜间质肉瘤(endometrial stromal sarcoma,ESS)和子宫癌肉瘤(carcinosarcoma,CS)等,其中LMS最常见[2]。LMS好发于围绝经期及绝经期妇女,临床表现与肌瘤相似,可表现为异常阴道流血、触及盆腔包块及腹痛等[2]。与文献报道一致,本研究中LMS患者的平均年龄为49岁,临床表现并无特异性。有研究认为血清LDH和CA125升高有助于术前LMS的诊断[9,10],但细胞型子宫肌瘤及变性子宫肌瘤的LDH也可升高[9],并且子宫肌瘤和早期LMS的CA125有较多重叠[10],因此单靠临床特征难以准确区分LMS及子宫肌瘤(尤其是ALM),必须借助影像学检查来鉴别。

3.2 MRI常规定性指标对LMS及ALM的鉴别价值

       LMS与ALM均来源于子宫肌层[7],但由于LMS具有高度恶性及侵袭性的生物学特征,容易侵犯邻近子宫内膜向宫腔内生长并形成模糊的边界[1]。和之前的报道一致[11],本研究发现LMS主要位于宫腔,且在T2WI上边界不清。LMS易发生囊变、坏死及出血,在T2WI上信号极不均匀,增强不均匀强化[11],这与变性子宫肌瘤难以鉴别,故本研究通过观察肿瘤实质信号来区分二者,观察发现LMS实性成分在T2WI上多为混杂信号,这可能和LMS实质是由子宫平滑肌纤维、间叶组织及内膜间质细胞等多种成分组成有关[12]。Lin等[6]认为"中央无强化"是LMS的特征性表现,本组结果也显示LMS增强的无强化区多位于中央,这是因为LMS恶性度高,生长较快,病灶中央容易缺血,进而发生凝固性坏死,故增强中央无强化[6]

3.3 DWI及DCE-MRI定量指标对LMS及ALM的鉴别价值

       DWI可反映水分子的扩散特性,其定量参数为ADC值,与传统MRI相比,DWI及ADC值更能准确区分子宫良恶性病变[6,7,8]。本研究中91.7%的LMS在DWI上为高信号,mADC值明显低于ALM,这是因为恶性肿瘤的细胞密度大,细胞外间隙小,核浆比高,水分子扩散受限,故ADC值较低[13]。DCE-MRI能够反映病灶强化程度的动态变化过程,从而反映病灶的血供情况。本研究中LMS的EER大于ALM,说明LMS具有早期强化的特点,其MCER大于ALM,说明LMS强化程度较高。Zhang等[14]的研究也认为85.7%的LMS具有快速明显强化的特点,这可能跟该肿瘤的高血管密度有关[15]。薛康康等[8]也认为子宫肉瘤是富血供的高度恶性肿瘤,瘤内及瘤周含有大量新生血管,且平滑肌纤维较少,故血流阻力小,强化较早。

       本研究存在一些不足:①样本量较少,一方面是由于子宫肉瘤比较罕见,另一方面,部分LMS经超声检查误诊为子宫肌瘤,术前未行MRI检查。②只研究了LMS与ALM的鉴别,至于子宫肉瘤其他亚型(子宫内膜间质肉瘤、子宫癌肉瘤等)与子宫肌瘤或子宫内膜癌的鉴别将是笔者下一步的研究方向。

       总之,LMS虽然罕见,但在MRI图像上仍有一定特点,通过观察病灶的部位、边界、实质信号、无强化区域等定性图像特点及测量mADC值、EER、MCER等定量参数能辅助区分LMS与ALM,术前对怀疑子宫肉瘤患者进行包括DWI及DCE在内的MRI检查尤为重要。

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