分享:
分享到微信朋友圈
X
讲座
磁共振成像对形态学表现为良性特征的乳腺恶性肿瘤诊断价值
刘佩芳 张淑平 邵真真 鲍润贤

刘佩芳,张淑平,邵真真,等.磁共振成像对形态学表现为良性特征的乳腺恶性肿瘤诊断价值.磁共振成像,2012, 3(2): 98-108. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2012.02.003.


[摘要] MRI具有软组织分辨率高、多方位和多参数成像的特点,对乳腺病变诊断的准确性高于X线和超声,使得部分形态学呈良性特征而X线和超声检查定性诊断困难的病变(如囊内乳头状癌、黏液腺癌、髓样癌、化生性癌、恶性叶状肿瘤和恶性淋巴瘤等)于术前可得以明确诊断。
[Abstract] Some breast malignancies manifested as well-circumscribed masses that are similar to benign lesions, it is not easy to differentiate them from benign lesions by conventional imaging modalities such as mammography and ultrasonography. However, it has been proved that MR imaging of the breast can fill many of clinical information gaps that are inadequately evaluated by mammography and ultrasonography due to MRI’s inherently high soft-tissue contrast. Therefore, breast MR imaging can play a substantial role in distinguishing between well-circumscribed benign and malignant breast lesions, especially in cases that are diffcult to diagnose by using conventional imaging.
[关键词] 磁共振成像;乳腺;肿瘤;X线检查;超声检查
[Keywords] Magnetic resonance imaging;Breast;Neoplasms;Mammography;Ultrasonography

刘佩芳* 天津医科大学肿瘤医院乳腺影像诊断科/放射科,乳腺癌防治教育部重点实验室,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室,天津 300060

张淑平 天津医科大学肿瘤医院乳腺影像诊断科/放射科,乳腺癌防治教育部重点实验室,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室,天津 300060

邵真真 天津医科大学肿瘤医院乳腺影像诊断科/放射科,乳腺癌防治教育部重点实验室,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室,天津 300060

鲍润贤 天津医科大学肿瘤医院乳腺影像诊断科/放射科,乳腺癌防治教育部重点实验室,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室,天津 300060

通讯作者:刘佩芳,E-mail: cjr.liupeifang@vip.163.com


基金项目: 教育部长江学者乳腺癌创新团队支持计划项目 IRT0743
收稿日期:2012-02-05
接受日期:2012-03-05
中图分类号:R445.2; R737.9 
文献标识码:A
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2012.02.003
刘佩芳,张淑平,邵真真,等.磁共振成像对形态学表现为良性特征的乳腺恶性肿瘤诊断价值.磁共振成像,2012, 3(2): 98-108. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2012.02.003.

       乳腺癌的早期诊断和早期治疗对提高治疗疗效和改善预后具有极其重要的意义。现阶段乳腺影像学检查仍是早期诊断乳腺癌的主要手段,其中乳腺X线和常规二维超声检查主要依据病变形态学征象做出良恶性判断。通常对于表现为肿块型的病变,形态学提示恶性的征象包括形态不规则,边缘不光滑或呈毛刺表现,而形态规则、边缘清晰锐利则多提示为良性病变,如囊肿、纤维腺瘤或乳腺内淋巴结等,然而由于病变的组织病理学特点,仍有10%~20%的乳腺恶性肿瘤其形态学表现为良性病变特征,因此依据X线、超声等传统影像学检查很难与良性病变鉴别[1,2]

       MRI具有软组织分辨率高、多方位和多参数成像的特点,对良恶性病变鉴别诊断价值高且无辐射损伤等优势,越来越多的研究表明MRI对乳腺病变诊断的准确性高于X线和超声[3,4]。近年来,MRI作为乳腺X线和超声检查的重要补充手段在乳腺疾病的诊治中发挥着越来越重要的作用[3,4,5],使得部分X线和超声检查定性诊断困难的病变于术前得以明确诊断。

       形态学呈良性病变特征的乳腺恶性肿瘤主要包括囊内乳头状癌、黏液腺癌、髓样癌、化生性癌、恶性叶状肿瘤和恶性淋巴瘤等,笔者重点就以上病变影像学及部分病理表现特点予以论述。

1 乳腺囊内乳头状癌

       乳头状癌是起于乳腺导管系统的相对少见的恶性肿瘤,占所有乳腺癌的2%~5%[6,7,8],好发于绝经期后老年妇女,高发年龄为50~60岁,临床表现为乳房肿块,界限清晰,一般病史较长,其预后好于导管起源的其它类型乳腺癌。组织病理学上分为两种类型:①经典型原位乳头状癌,亦称导管内或囊内乳头状癌;②少见的浸润性乳头状癌。导管内或囊内乳头状癌的组织学分型主要取决于病变是否含有囊性成分,当含有囊性成分时称为囊内乳头状癌,约占所有类型乳腺癌的0.26%~2.0%[8]。囊内乳头状癌常位于乳晕下区域,表现为囊性病变内含实性肿瘤成分。因肿瘤的乳头状结构扭曲而继发梗死性出血,故囊内合并出血较常见。组织病理学检查可见囊内间隔中含脉管束结构,囊壁纤维化可阻止肿瘤向邻近乳腺组织浸润,因此在影像学上病变多表现为边缘清晰[7,8]

       囊内乳头状癌在X线上表现为圆形或卵圆形肿块,边界清楚,囊内乳头状癌的恶性成分多限于囊壁的内缘,因此肿物的边缘光滑整齐,甚至有透亮环而酷似良性肿瘤,由于病变内常伴有出血及含铁血黄素沉着,密度通常高于一般的囊肿或纤维腺瘤(图1A)。在超声上囊内乳头状癌主要表现为囊实性肿物(图1B, 图2A),边界清晰,边缘光滑,伴后方回声增强,实性瘤体部分边缘不规则,可呈锯齿或毛刺状,基底较宽,瘤体内回声不均匀,部分可有细小钙化,彩色多普勒显示实性癌灶部分血流信号非常丰富(图1C, 图2B),有时可见粗大的滋养血管穿入[8]。超声对囊内乳头状癌内部囊实性成分的显示明显优于X线检查。

       MRI多参数成像优势可清晰显示囊内乳头状癌的不同组织病理成分,且与大体病理对应性非常好。囊内乳头状癌囊性成分于平扫T1WI表现为低信号,T2WI表现为明显高信号,增强后无强化,当肿瘤伴出血时囊内血性液体可有不同的信号表现。囊内实性肿瘤部分于MRI平扫T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号(图2C),动态增强检查肿瘤实性瘤体部分、囊壁、囊内分隔均明显强化(图2D),实性瘤体内部强化均匀或不均匀,时间-信号强度曲线多为流出型(图2E),在DWI上肿瘤呈明显高信号(图2F),实性部分ADC值明显减低,囊性部分ADC值较高(图2G)。

图1  左乳腺囊内乳头状癌。1A:左乳内外侧斜位片,显示相当于左乳头水平偏下方高密度卵圆形肿物,边缘光滑(白箭)。1B:二维超声横断面图,显示左乳卵圆形囊实性肿物,边界清楚,其内可见液性无回声区(*)和实性低回声区(☆),肿物后方组织回声增强。1C:彩色多普勒血流图,显示肿瘤边缘及囊内实性部分血流信号丰富
Fig. 1  Intracystic papillary carcinoma of the left breast. 1A: Mediolateral oblique view showed an oval, high-density mass with well-circumscribed margin in the left breast. 1B: Transverse breast sonogram demonstrated an oval, well-circumscribed mass with mixed solid (☆) and cystic (*) components and posterior acoustic enhancement. 1C: Color Doppler flow image showed increased vascularity in the solid portion and cystic wall of the mass.
图2  右乳腺囊内乳头状癌。2A:二维超声图,显示右乳低回声肿物(白箭),边界清楚,呈分叶状,周边可见液性无回声区(*)。2B:彩色多普勒血流图,显示部分病变区血流信号丰富。2C:MRI平扫矢状面脂肪抑制T2WI,显示囊实性肿物,周边囊性部分(白箭)表现为明显高信号,肿瘤大部分实性部分表现为稍高信号。2D:增强后MRI矢状面图,显示肿瘤囊壁及实性瘤体部分明显强化,而囊性部分(白箭)无强化。2E:病变动态增强后时间-信号强度曲线图,显示实性瘤体部分时间-信号强度曲线呈流出型。DWI (2F)和ADC图(2G),显示肿瘤于DWI上呈高信号,ADC值明显减低(b值为1 000 sec/mm2, ADC值为0.96×10-3 mm2/sec)
Fig. 2  Intracystic papillary carcinoma of the right breast. 2A: Transverse breast sonogram demonstrated a well-circumscribed, hypoechoic, lobulated mass, associated with small cystic component (*) in periphery, in the right breast. 2B: Color Doppler flow image showed increased vascularity in the mass. 2C: A solid mass with associated cystic component peripheral on sagittal fat-suppressed T2-weighted image corresponding to the mass seen on ultrasound under the nipple of the right breast. 2D: Sagittal contrast-enhanced MR image showed the mass with significant enhancement of the cystic wall and solid area and non-enhancement of the cystic component. 2E: Time-signal intensity curve of solid area in the tumor showed rapid initial enhancement with typical washout pattern (type Ⅲ). 2F: Diffusion-weighted image; 2G: the map of ADC; The tumor showed high signal on DWI with low ADC value (0.96×10-3 mm2/sec with b value of 1 000 sec/mm2).

2 乳腺黏液腺癌

       乳腺黏液腺癌又称乳腺胶样癌,是一种少见的特殊类型浸润性癌,发生率占乳腺癌的1%~7%,在75岁以上乳腺癌年龄组中,黏液腺癌的发生率可达7%,而35岁以下年龄组的发生率仅约1% [6,7]。乳腺黏液腺癌其病理、临床及影像学表现不同于乳腺最常见的非特殊型浸润性导管癌。组织病理学上黏液腺癌细胞成分通常分化较好,细胞小且一致,呈小簇状或巢片状漂浮在黏液湖中,黏液由癌细胞产生,积聚在间质中,黏液湖间可有纤细的纤维间隔。组织学上包括纯黏液腺癌和混合型黏液腺癌,混合型黏液腺癌是指含有少量非黏液的浸润性癌成分,但含有局部的导管内癌成分仍归属于纯黏液腺癌[7]。黏液腺癌大体病理表现为肿瘤呈膨胀性生长,外形不规则,界限清楚,侵袭性不强,无真正包膜,质地软或略有囊性感。黏液含量较多的纯黏液腺癌病理切面上常可见半透明胶冻样物,甚至囊腔样改变,胶冻样物有一定的张力,压迫肿瘤组织向周围组织膨胀,使肿瘤边界较清晰,但由于肿瘤生长速度并不完全一致,可形成小分叶边缘;黏液含量少的黏液腺癌肉眼所见则没有明显的胶冻样改变。一般纯黏液腺癌预后明显好于混合型,黏液含量越多预后亦越好,腋窝淋巴结转移率较低[9,10,11,12],因此严格按照组织病理学标准区分纯黏液腺癌和混合型黏液腺癌非常重要。

       黏液腺癌因本身的组织病理学特点,在影像学上的表现颇具特殊性[9,10,11,12,13]。X线上多表现为肿块边界清晰,密度较淡,近似良性肿瘤表现(图3A, 图3B),并且随着肿瘤内所含黏液的增加而越来越相似,更易误诊为良性肿瘤。国内顾雅佳等[11]报道纯黏液腺癌以边界清晰及小分叶改变多见,少黏液量纯黏液腺癌和混合型黏液腺癌多呈边缘浸润性生长。超声上常表现为边界清晰的圆形、卵圆形或分叶状肿物(图3C[9,10],有时可见边缘小分叶。因肿瘤富含黏液,病变后方回声增强,与纤维腺瘤表现相似,有时鉴别诊断困难。

       黏液腺癌在MRI上表现为边界清晰的圆形、卵圆形或分叶状肿物,边缘光滑,因肿瘤内含大量黏液成分,在MRI平扫T2WI(图4B)表现为明显高信号,依据实性成分的多少和黏液蛋白成分的沉积情况不同,T2WI上的高信号可均匀或不均匀,而在T1WI(图4A)上的信号强度取决于肿瘤内沉积的蛋白成分,大多数表现为低信号。由于癌细胞成分位于肿瘤的边缘或漂浮在黏液湖中,而位于肿瘤中心的大量黏液成分中没有肿瘤性上皮组织,MRI动态增强检查(图4C~4F)常表现为环形强化或不均匀强化,强化方式多为由外周向中心呈向心样强化,病变整体时间-信号强度曲线类型以渐增型为多见,而病变边缘多呈流出型(图4G),在MRS上病变区可见胆碱峰(图4H)。黏液腺癌在DWI上的表现较有特征性,即DWI上表现为明显高信号(图4I),但ADC值不减低(图4J),反而高于正常腺体和良性肿瘤如纤维腺瘤的ADC值,提示病变在DWI高信号主要为T2效应所致,这些表现与黏液腺癌本身的特殊病理组织成分有关,黏液腺癌在细胞外具有较多的黏液成分,肿瘤细胞则分散在黏液湖中,就黏液本身来说并不含细胞成分,相反含有较多的自由水,少了许多细胞膜和细胞内物质的约束,因此,ADC值较高,与含有较多肿瘤细胞和间质细胞的浸润性导管癌有所不同。MRI多种成像序列相结合可对乳腺黏液腺癌在术前做出明确诊断[12,13]

图3  左乳腺黏液腺癌(混合型)。3A:内外侧斜位片和病变局部放大片(3B),显示乳腺内中等密度卵圆形肿物,大部分边缘光滑,周围可见透亮环,未见钙化。3C:彩色多普勒血流图,显示肿瘤周边及内部均未见明显血流信号,肿物后方组织回声增强
Fig. 3  Mucinous carcinoma of the left breast, the mixed type. 3A: Mediolateral oblique mammogram and magnification view (3B) showed an oval iso-density mass with well-circumscribed margin in the left breast. 3C: Color Doppler flow image showed lobulated mass with posterior acoustic enhancement but without increased vascularity internal or periphery of the tumor in the left breast.
图4  与图3为同一例患者。轴位MRI平扫T1WI (4A)和脂肪抑制T2WI (4B),显示左乳内上方卵圆形肿物,边界清楚,肿物于平扫T1WI呈较低信号,脂肪抑制T2WI呈高信号。4C~4F分别为MR平扫和动态增强后1 min、2 min、8 min图像,显示肿物呈明显不均匀强化,边缘带强化较明显,随时间延迟强化方式有由外周向中心呈向心样强化趋势。4G:时间-信号强度曲线呈流出型。4H:MRS图,显示病变区可见胆碱峰。DWI (4I)和ADC (4J)图,病变于DWI呈较高信号,ADC值亦较高(2.03×10-3 mm2/sec, b= 1 000 sec/mm2
Fig. 4  The same patient with Fig. 3.Axial T1-weighted (4A) and fat-suppressed T2-weighted MR images (4B) demonstrated a well-circumscribed oval mass, with hypointense on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI. 4C-4F: Sagittal dynamic contrast enhanced MR images obtained before and 1 min, 2 min, and 8 min after injection of contrast medium gadopentetate dimeglumine demonstrated peripheral rim enhancement initially followed by centripetal enhancement with time. 4G: Time-signal intensity curve of the tumor showed the washout pattern (type III). 4H: MRS showed choline peak at 3.2 ppm. DWI (4I) and the map of ADC (4J), the tumor showed high signal on DWI with higher ADC value (2.03×10-3 mm2/sec with b value of 1 000 sec/mm2).

3 乳腺髓样癌

       乳腺髓样癌是一种较少见的特殊病理类型的乳腺癌,发生率在所有乳腺癌中不足5%[6,14],较易发生于年轻女性,占35岁以下年轻妇女乳腺癌的11%[14,15]。WHO乳腺肿瘤分类将由低分化肿瘤细胞组成并伴大量淋巴细胞浸润而间质成分较少的边界清楚的乳腺癌称之为髓样癌[6,7],国内又称其为典型髓样癌,与非特殊型浸润性导管癌中的髓样癌不同。髓样癌病理特点为低分化的癌细胞主质成分较多呈大片状分布、无腺管结构形成、缺乏间质、有明显淋巴细胞浸润。大体病理上肿瘤界限清楚,切面呈实性灰白色,质地较均匀,部分可见小灶性坏死。镜下表现为肿瘤膨胀性生长,间质极少,无黏液分泌,无导管内生长。髓样癌临床特点为质地较软、边界清楚的乳房肿块。如严格按照髓样癌的诊断标准,此病预后良好,属低度恶性,即使已有腋窝淋巴结转移,预后也明显好于常见的浸润型导管癌[6,7]

       髓样癌在X线上多表现为圆形、卵圆形或分叶状肿块,边界清晰,常为高或稍高密度(图5A),与纤维腺瘤有时鉴别困难。国内顾雅佳等[16]报道尽管髓样癌和纤维腺瘤常表现为圆形或卵圆形,边界清楚,但两者在肿块边缘表现上有所不同,髓样癌在病理巨检上表现为边缘清晰,但由于髓样癌镜下无包膜,可见多量淋巴细胞浸润肿瘤及周围组织,常表现为浸润性或小分叶边缘的恶性征象,而纤维腺瘤由于具有一层纤维包膜多呈清晰的良性边缘征象。在肿块密度上髓样癌和纤维腺瘤有所不同,对于病变密度高低的分析,通常是以病变与其周围等量正常腺体比较,髓样癌高密度多见,而纤维腺瘤则呈等密度更为常见,两者在密度上的差异可能与髓样癌组织中富于细胞,而纤维腺瘤间质较多、细胞含量相对较少有关。髓样癌较少出现钙化,如表现为肿块伴钙化,一般钙化数目较少,密度较淡,散在分布于肿块内(图5A),文献报道钙化的出现与导管内成分有关[16]。髓样癌的超声表现通常也不同于常见的浸润性乳腺癌,多数边界清楚,肿瘤较大时常呈分叶状,呈低或较低回声,内部回声均匀,后方回声增强,与乳腺良性肿瘤的特征存在较多相似之处(图5B),易造成误诊[14,17]

       髓样癌在MRI上表现为圆形或卵圆形肿块,体积较大时呈分叶状,因其呈膨胀性生长,常表现为边界清楚,边缘光滑(图5C~5F)。因髓样癌内成分比较单一,主要是大量弥漫排列的细胞成分,间质成分较少,故肿瘤内部信号多较均匀,肿瘤较大时,内部可有出血、坏死等继发性改变而导致内部信号不均匀。动态增强检查髓样癌的时间-信号强度曲线多为平台或流出型。在DWI上肿瘤呈明显高信号,ADC值减低。

图5  左乳腺髓样癌。5A:左侧乳腺头尾位X线片,显示左乳中上类圆形肿物(白箭),边界大部分清楚,部分与邻近腺体相重叠,所见边缘光滑,密度较高,肿块内可见数枚成簇浅淡钙化。5B:左乳病变超声斜切面图,显示左乳腺中上低回声肿物,轻度分叶,边界清晰,无明显包膜,内部回声不均匀,可见强回声钙化,肿物周围组织回声增强。MRI平扫T1WI (5C)和脂肪抑制T2WI (5D),显示左乳中上类圆形肿物(白箭),边界清楚,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈较高信号,病变内部信号较均匀。5E:DWI图,肿瘤呈明显高信号,ADC值减低。5F:MRS图,于3.2 ppm处可见较高胆碱峰
Fig. 5  Medullary carcinoma with diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate of the left breast. 5A: Craniocaudal mammogram view showed a round mass with premodinantly well-circumscribed margin and clustered microcalcifications within the mass (white arrow). 5B: Sonogram showed a hypoechoic lobular mass with well-circumscribed margin and multi-calcification within the mass, and associated with posterior acoustic enhancement. Axial T1-weighted (5C) and fat-suppressed T2-weighted MR image (5D) demonstrated a well-circumscribed round mass (white arrow) with homogeneous hypointense on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI. 5E: DWI, the tumor showed high signal with low ADC value. 5F: MRS showed choline peak (Cho) at 3.2 ppm.

4 乳腺化生性癌

       乳腺化生性癌是以腺癌成分伴有明显的鳞状细胞、梭形细胞和(或)间充质成分化生的一组异质性癌,化生的鳞状细胞或梭形细胞癌等可不伴有腺癌成分而单独存在。乳腺化生性癌十分罕见,其发生率在所有乳腺恶性肿瘤中不足1%,临床多发生于50岁以上中老年女性[18,19],常表现为可触及的乳房肿块且增长速度较快,淋巴结转移不常见[18]

       乳腺化生性癌在X线上多表现为大部分边界清楚的高密度肿块,钙化少见(图6)。在超声上表现为圆形或分叶状肿块,边界清晰,边缘小分叶,内部可呈囊实性的回声特点,与病理上坏死和囊变有关[18]

       乳腺化生性癌在MRI表现为圆形或分叶状肿物,边缘较清晰,如肿瘤发生坏死和囊变,则该区域于T2WI表现为高信号,动态增强检查化生性癌多表现为环形强化,肿瘤边缘部分时间-信号强度曲线多为流出型。乳腺化生性癌十分罕见,笔者所在单位具有X线和MRI检查资料且经病理证实的乳腺鳞状细胞癌1例(图6,图7),其X线表现为大部分边界清楚、边缘光滑的肿块(图6)。由于肿瘤发生坏死和囊变,在MRI上部分病变呈囊性特点,即表现为液体特征的长T1、长T2信号,动态增强后肿物呈明显不均匀强化,肿物边缘及实性部分明显强化且时间-信号强度曲线呈流出型,而中心囊性部分无强化(图7)。病灶中出现坏死形成的囊性区对鳞癌的诊断具有一定的提示价值。

图6  右乳腺鳞状细胞癌。上外-下内斜位X线片,显示右乳腺内上方类圆形中等密度肿物,大部分边界清楚,边缘光滑
Fig. 6  Squamous cell carcinoma of the right breast. Superolateral inferomedial oblique view showed a round iso-density mass with premodinantly well-circumscribed margin in the upper-inner quadrant.
图7  与图6为同一例患者。7A~7D分别为右乳MR平扫和动态增强后1 min、2 min、8 min图像;7E:动态增强后肿物时间-信号强度曲线;7F:右乳MRI平扫矢状面脂肪抑制T2WI;7G:VR图。MRI平扫显示右乳内上象限类圆形肿物,边界清晰,呈囊实性,内部信号不均匀,可见液体信号特征的长T1、长T2信号。动态增强后肿物呈明显不均匀强化,边缘及肿物实性部分明显强化,肿物实性部分时间-信号强度曲线呈流出型。VR图清晰显示不均匀强化肿物
Fig. 7  The same patient with Fig 6. 7A-7D: Sagittal dynamic contrast enhanced MR images obtained before and 1 min, 2 min, and 8 min after injection of contrast medium gadopentetate dimeglumine demonstrated heterogeneous enhancement and internal nonenhancing cystic component corresponding to the high intensity portion seen on T2-weighted image. 7E: The time-siganl intensity curve of the solid portion of the tumor was washout pattern (type III). 7F: Sagittal fat-suppressed T2-weighted image showed a mass with mixed solid and cystic components and well-circumscribed margin. 7G: Volume rendering image showed the heterogeneous enhancing mass in the right breast.

5 乳腺恶性叶状肿瘤

       乳腺叶状肿瘤由乳腺间质和上皮两种成分构成,是一种少见的纤维上皮型肿瘤,占所有乳腺原发肿瘤的0.3%~1.0%,占乳腺纤维上皮型肿瘤的2.0%~3 .0%[6,7]。根据间质过度增生程度、肿瘤细胞密度、形态、细胞异型性和核分裂象、生长方式以及周边浸润情况等分为良性、交界性和恶性三种组织学类型[6]。病理诊断恶性叶状肿瘤主要依据肿瘤间质成分的表现特点,包括浸润性边缘、高度间质细胞过度增生、核分裂象>5个/10高倍视野(HPF)和间质细胞异型性。虽然根据组织学表现可把叶状肿瘤进行组织学分型,但该肿瘤的生物学行为难以预测,病理组织学分类与临床过程无明确相关性,良性、交界性和恶性叶状肿瘤在术后均有复发或转移,文献报道局部复发率可达20%,因此,临床治疗需行广泛手术切除[20,21]

       临床上乳腺叶状肿瘤好发于中年女性,高峰年龄为50岁左右,极少有男性病例报道[22]。最常见的临床表现为无痛性肿块,少数伴局部轻度疼痛。肿瘤增长缓慢,病程较长,多数有一个较长时间无特殊不适的乳房肿块,部分患者有肿块在短期内迅速增大的病史,对诊断此病有提示意义。肿块边界多清楚,活动性好,一般无乳腺癌常见的间接征象,如皮肤凹陷、乳头回缩、乳头溢液和腋窝淋巴结肿大等。

       乳腺叶状肿瘤影像学表现与纤维腺瘤存在较多相似之处[23,24]。肿瘤较小时多表现为边缘光滑的结节,呈圆或卵圆形,密度均匀,与纤维腺瘤难以区别。肿瘤较大时表现为分叶状、高密度、边缘光滑锐利的肿块(图8A, 图8B),此征象为叶状肿瘤较特征性表现。表面皮肤多数正常或被下方肿块顶起而变得菲薄。叶状肿瘤通常缺乏边缘浸润、毛刺及邻近皮肤增厚、乳头回缩、周围结构扭曲等类似乳腺癌的恶性征象。肿瘤内可出现钙化,但较少见,钙化可呈粗大不规则的颗粒状、片状或环形,粗大成片钙化者颇似纤维腺瘤的钙化,镜检见钙化发生在瘤灶内纤维变性区或坏死区。有作者提出肿块的密度有助于叶状肿瘤与大纤维腺瘤鉴别,叶状肿瘤的密度常比纤维腺瘤高,但这些征象并非特异性改变。叶状肿瘤在超声上表现为肿瘤呈圆形或分叶状,边界清楚,内部回声中等偏低,其内可见回声减弱区或大小不等的囊腔,此为较特征性表现(图8C~8F),部分病变出现后方回声增强。彩色多普勒检查肿瘤大多血供丰富。超声上通常对于较大的叶状瘤依据瘤内大小不等的囊性无回声区这一特征性表现可作出诊断。

       恶性叶状肿瘤在MRI上表现为边缘清楚的类圆形或分叶状肿块,边界较清晰,边缘较光滑,分叶状形态被认为是该肿瘤较具特征性的表现[25,26,27],肿瘤巨大时,可见整个乳腺被肿瘤占据,但皮下脂肪层仍较完整。MRI平扫T1WI肿瘤呈低信号(图9A),T2WI呈较高信号(图9B, 图9C),可能与病理上间质细胞丰富且分布密集并有黏液水肿样改变有关。当肿瘤内有出血、坏死或黏液样变,其信号发生相应变化。增强检查肿瘤多呈快速明显强化,囊腔和分隔显示更加明显(图9D~9H),有作者认为囊腔的存在是叶状肿瘤较为特征性表现[25]。叶状肿瘤在扩散加权成像与MR波谱等功能成像上的表现特点目前研究较少,因叶状肿瘤间质细胞增殖旺盛且分布密集,有研究报道叶状肿瘤在DWI上ADC值往往低于正常乳腺组织,在MRS上出现异常增高的胆碱峰[26,27]

图8  左乳腺恶性叶状肿瘤。8A、8B:双侧乳腺头尾位和内外测斜位片,显示左乳内上象限较大分叶状肿物,界限清晰,内可见多发粗颗粒钙化。8C、8D:超声横断面和彩色多普勒血流图,显示左乳内上象限混杂回声肿物,内可见多发不规则囊性区(白箭),CDFI可见血流信号。8E、8F:超声造影显示肿瘤呈不均匀强化
Fig. 8  Malignant phyllodes tumor of the left breast. Bilateral craniocaudal (8A) and mediolateral oblique views (8B) showed a lobulated dense mass with well-circumscribed margin in the upper-inner quadrant of the left breast. 8C: Transverse breast sonogram demonstrated a heterogeneous hypoechoic lobulated mass with well-circumscribed margin and multiple cystic components (white arrows) within the mass. 8D: Color Doppler flow image showed the mass with increased vascularity. 8E and 8F: Contrast-enhanced sonography showed heterogeneous enhancement.
图9  与图8为同一例患者。横轴面MRI平扫T1WI (9A)和脂肪抑制T2WI (9B)显示左乳内上方卵圆形肿物,边界清楚,T1WI呈较低信号,脂肪抑制T2WI呈不均匀高信号,内可见囊性区。9C:矢状面脂肪抑制T2WI显示左乳较大肿物,界限清楚,呈较高信号,内部信号不均匀。9D:VR图显示左乳内上方较大不均匀强化肿物。9E~9H分别为左乳MR平扫和动态增强后1 min、2 min和8 min图像,显示肿物呈明显不均匀强化
Fig. 9  The same patient with Fig 8. Axial T1-weighted (9A) and fat-suppressed T2-weighted MR image (9B) showed a large solid mass with internal cystic change and well-circumscribed margin. 9C: Sagittal fat-suppressed T2-weighted image showed a heterogeneous high signal intensity mass with well-circumscribed margin. 9D: Volume rendering view showed a heterogeneous enhancing lobulated mass in the left breast. 9E-9H: Sagittal dynamic contrast enhanced MR images obtained before and 1 min, 2 min, and 8 min after injection of contrast medium gadopentetate dimeglumine demonstrated that the mass showed heterogeneous enhancement with internal nonenhancing portion

6 乳腺恶性淋巴瘤

       乳腺恶性淋巴瘤比较罕见,包括原发性乳腺恶性淋巴瘤和继发性乳腺恶性淋巴瘤。原发性乳腺恶性淋巴瘤是指首发并局限在乳腺内,或可同时伴有相应侧腋窝淋巴结肿大,但无乳腺外淋巴瘤病史,归为原发性乳腺恶性淋巴瘤[6,7]。文献报道原发性乳腺恶性淋巴瘤的发生率占乳腺所有恶性肿瘤的0.04%~0.74%,高者可达1.1 %[28],大多数为非霍奇金淋巴瘤,B细胞来源,而T细胞型或组织细胞型罕见。继发性乳腺淋巴瘤为全身性淋巴瘤的一部分,或作为其他器官淋巴瘤的一个复发部位。

       原发性乳腺恶性淋巴瘤患者多为女性,发病年龄范围较广,13~88岁,平均55岁。多数为单侧发病,诊断时双侧受累者占10%左右,但在疾病过程中可累及对侧乳腺,因此双侧受累的发生率可高达20%~25%。临床主要表现为单侧或双侧乳房无痛性肿块,生长较迅速,30%~50%患者伴同侧腋窝淋巴结肿大[29]。乳腺恶性淋巴瘤的预后较常见的浸润性乳腺癌差。

       乳腺淋巴瘤的影像学表现可分为结节或肿块型和致密浸润型。乳腺淋巴瘤表现为结节或肿块时需与纤维腺瘤、不典型髓样癌等鉴别[29,30,31,32]。淋巴瘤在X线上表现为病变边缘多清楚,表现为部分边缘不清者多为与周围腺体重叠,而肿块周围浸润少见,无毛刺、钙化及皮肤凹陷等典型乳腺癌的征象(图10)。结节或肿块型乳腺淋巴瘤在超声上表现为单发或多发类圆形、分叶状或不规则形较均质低回声肿块,内部回声较乳腺癌更低而类似囊肿声像图,界限多较清楚,有时可见丝网状结构,后方回声增强或部分增强,彩色多普勒显示肿块内丰富的高阻动脉血流信号而与囊肿相鉴别[30,31]

       表现为结节或肿块型的乳腺淋巴瘤MRI形态学表现与X线表现基本相同[29,32]。肿块边缘多清楚,周围浸润少,无毛刺、钙化及皮肤凹陷等典型乳腺癌的征象。病变在MRI平扫T1WI常表现为低信号,T2WI表现为较高信号,因内部较少出现退变坏死,信号较均匀,增强后病变呈中等或明显强化(图11)。由于乳腺恶性淋巴瘤的发生率远比乳腺癌低,临床及影像学表现缺乏特异性,在术前很难与乳腺其他良、恶性病变鉴别,最后诊断需依靠病理学确诊。但如临床乳腺检查考虑恶性且伴有腋下肿大淋巴结,而影像学征象表现为良性或不典型乳腺癌者应考虑到淋巴瘤可能,及时做针吸或切取活检,有利于临床选取恰当的治疗方案。

图10  左乳腺非霍奇金淋巴瘤,大小细胞混合型(B细胞来源)。左乳病变局部加压放大片,显示左乳外上卵圆形高密度肿块(白箭),大部分边界清楚,部分边缘光滑,后上缘边缘毛糙,但未见毛刺及细小钙化
Fig. 10  Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the left breast (B-cell lymphoma). Spot compression film of the palpable mass in the left breast demonstrated an oval dense mass with well-circumscribed margin premodinantly (white arrow)
图11  左乳腺弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤。11A:MRI平扫矢状面T1WI;11B:MRI平扫矢状面脂肪抑制T2WI;11C~11E分别为左乳矢状面MRI平扫、动态增强后1 min和8 min图;11F:动态增强后肿物时间-信号强度曲线图,显示左乳下方卵圆形肿物,边界清楚,T1WI呈较低信号,T2WI呈较高信号,动态增强后病变呈明显渐进性强化,时间-信号强度曲线呈渐增型
Fig. 11  Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the left breast. Sagittal T1-weighted (11A) and fat-suppressed T2-weighted (11B) MR images showed an oval mass with well-circumscribed margin in the left breast. 11C-11E: Sagittal dynamic contrast enhanced MR images obtained before, 1 min and 8 min after injection of contrast medium gadopentetate dimeglumine demonstrated an moderate gradually enhancement mass. 11F: The time-siganl intensity curve of the tumor was persistant pattern (type Ⅰ )

7 小结

       对在常规X线和超声检查上形态学呈良性特征而定性诊断困难的乳腺恶性病变,MRI检查除了可更清楚显示肿瘤的形态学征象外,MR动态增强检查还可提供病变的血流动力学信息,DWI和MRS可提供水分子扩散和肿瘤代谢情况,因此MR多参数成像技术为这些病变的诊断和鉴别诊断提供了更多参考信息,明显提高了其诊断准确性。

[1]
Shah N, Patel S, Goswami K, et al. Well circumscribed breast carcinoma: mammographic and sonographic finding-report of five cases. Indian J Radiol Imaging, 2005, 15(1): 77-80.
[2]
Yoo JL, Woo OH, Kim YK, et al. Can MR Imaging Contribute in Characterizing Well-circumscribed Breast carcinomas? Radiographics, 2010, 30(6): 1689-1704.
[3]
Biglia N, Bounous VE, Martincich L, et al. Role of MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) versus conventional imaging for breast cancer presurgical staging in young women or with dense breast. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2011, 37(3): 199-204.
[4]
Gutierrez RL, DeMartini WB, Silbergeld JJ, et al. High cancer yield and positive predictive value: outcomes at a center routinely using preoperative breast MRI for staging. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2011, 196(1): 93-99.
[5]
Liu PF, Bao RX. Breast MR imaging for the individual treatment of patient with breast cancer. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2011, 2(3): 182-189.
刘佩芳,鲍润贤. 乳腺MRI检查对乳腺癌个体化治疗的作用. 磁共振成像, 2011, 2(3): 182-189.
[6]
Tavassoli FA, Devilee P. World Health Organization classification of tumors: pathology and genetics of tumours of the breast and female genital organs. Lyon: IABC Press, 2003.
[7]
Niu Y. Pathologic diagnositics of breast tumours. Tianjin: Tianjin Sci & Technol Press, 2006.
牛昀. 乳腺肿瘤病理诊断学. 天津: 天津科学技术出版社, 2006.
[8]
Lam WW, Tang AP, Tse G, et al. Radiology-pathology conference: papillary carcinoma of the breast. Clin Imaging, 2005, 29(6): 396-400.
[9]
Memis A, Ozdemir N, Parildar M, et al. Mucinous (colloid) breast cancer: mammographic and US features with histologic correlation. Eur J Radiol, 2000, 35(1): 39-43.
[10]
Lam WW, Chu WC, Tse GM, et al. Sonographic appearance of mucinous carcinoma of the breast. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2004, 182(4): 1069-1074.
[11]
Gu YJ, Wang JH, Zhang TQ. Mammographic features of breast mucinous carcinoma: mammographic-pathologic correlation. Chin J Radiol, 2002, 36(11): 973-976.
顾雅佳,王玖华,张廷璆. 乳腺黏液腺癌的钼靶X线表现与病理对照研究. 中华放射学杂志, 2002, 36(11): 973-976.
[12]
Okafuji T, Yabuuchi H, Sakai S, et al. MR imaging features of pure mucinous carcinoma of the breast. Eur J Radiol, 2006, 60(3): 405-413.
[13]
Liu PF, Yin L, Niu Y, et al. MRI features of mucinous carcinoma of the breast: correlation with histopathology. Chin J Radiol, 2009, 43(5): 470-475.
刘佩芳,尹璐,牛昀, 等. 乳腺黏液腺癌MRI表现特征及其与病理对照研究. 中华放射学杂志, 2009, 43(5): 470-475.
[14]
Cheung YC, Chen SC, Lee KF, et, al. Sonographic and pathologic findings in typical and atypical medullary carcinomas of the breast. J Clin Ultrasound, 2000, 28(7): 325-331.
[15]
Rosen PP, Lesser ML, Kinne DW, et, al. Breast carcinoma in women 35 years of age or younger. Ann Surg, 1984, 199(2): 133-142.
[16]
Gu YJ, Chen TZ, Wang JH, et al. Mammographic Appearances of breast Medullary Carcinoma: Comparison with Pathology and Differentiation with Fibroadenoma. Journal of Clinical Radiololgy, 2004, 23(4): 292-296.
顾雅佳,陈彤箴,王玖华, 等. 乳腺髓样癌的X线表现—与病理对照并与纤维腺瘤鉴别. 临床放射学杂志, 2004, 23(4): 292-296.
[17]
Su L, Liang P, Dong BW, et al. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of breast medullary carcinoma and its basis of pathology. Chin J Uitrasono, 2001, 10(6): 362-364.
苏莉,梁萍,董宝玮, 等. 乳腺髓样癌的超声诊断及其病理基础. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2001, 10(6): 362-364.
[18]
Günhan-Bilgen I, Memis A, Ustün EE, et al. Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast: clinical, mammographic, and sonographic findings with histopathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2002, 178(6): 1421-1425.
[19]
Velasco M, Santamaría G, Ganau S, et al. MRI of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2005, 184(4): 1274-1278.
[20]
Shi FY, Ye HJ, Chai W. Clinicopathological study on phyllodes tumor of the breast. Chin J Pathol, 2002, 31(3): 208-212.
史凤毅,叶海军,柴薇. 乳腺叶状肿瘤的临床病理学研究. 中华病理学杂志, 2002, 31(3): 208-212.
[21]
Tan EY, Hoon TP, Yong WS, et al. Recurrent phyllodes tumours of the breast: pathological featurea and clinical implications. ANZ Journal of Surgery, 2006, 76(6):476-480.
[22]
Konstantakos AK, Graham DJ. Cystosarcoma phyllodes Tumors in Men. American surgeon, 2003, 69(9): 808-811.
[23]
Wurdinger S, Herzog AB, Fischer DR, et al. Differentiation of phyllodes breast tumors from fibroadenomas on MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2005, 185(5): 1317-1321.
[24]
Yilmaz E, Sal S, Lebe B, et al. Differentiation of phyllodes tumors versus fibroadenomas: mammographic and sonographic features. Acta Radiology, 2002, 43(1): 34-39.
[25]
Yabuuchi H, Soeda H, Matsuo Y, et al. Phyllodes tumor of the breast: correlation between MR findings and histologic grade. Radiology, 2006, 241(3): 702-709.
[26]
Zhang SP, Liu PF, Bao RX. MRI Features of Phyllodes Tumors of the Breast. J Clini Radiol (China), 2010, 29(2): 174-178.
张淑平,刘佩芳,鲍润贤. 乳腺叶状肿瘤MRI表现特征分析.临床放射学杂志, 2010, 29(2): 174-178.
[27]
Tse GMK, Cheung HS, Pang LM, et al. Characterization of lesions of the breast with proton MR spectroscopy: Comparison of carcinomas, benign lesions, and phyllodes tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2003, 181(5): 1267-1272.
[28]
Brogi E, Harris NL. Lymphoma of the breast: Pathology and clinical behavior. Seminars in Oncology, 1999, 26(3): 357-364.
[29]
Liu PF, Yin L, Niu Y, et al. Primary malignant lymphoma of the breast: imaging characteristics and correlation with histopathologic findings. Chin J Radiol, 2005, 39(1): 46-49.
刘佩芳,尹璐,牛昀, 等. 原发性乳腺淋巴瘤X线表现及与病理相关性探讨. 中华放射学杂志, 2005, 39(1): 46-49.
[30]
Jing G, Peng YL, Li JJ. Sonographic Characterishos of Breast Lymphoma. West Chin Med J, 2008, 23(3): 572-573.
敬基刚,彭玉兰,李嘉俊. 乳腺淋巴瘤的超声图像特征.华西医学, 2008, 23(3): 572-573.
[31]
Lyou CY, Yang SK, Choe D H, et al. Mammographic and sonographic findings of primary breast lymphoma. Clinical Imaging, 2007, 31(4): 234-238.
[32]
Costa DD, Gerson D, Poppiti RJ, et al. Breast lymphoma: Mammographic, sonographic, and MR findings. CDR Contemporary Diagnostic Radiology, 2009, 32(13): 1-5.

上一篇 动态增强磁共振成像在乳腺癌诊断及疗效监测中的应用进展
下一篇 乳腺导管原位癌的影像学研究
  
诚聘英才 | 广告合作 | 免责声明 | 版权声明
联系电话:010-67113815
京ICP备19028836号-2